The world around us "riddles about household appliances." Educational riddles about electrical appliances When riddles are appropriate

Modern world unthinkable without household electrical appliances. They are in every home and every family. From the first days, the child observes their actions in one way or another. First, the baby watches the light bulb, rocks in the electric bassinet, drinks milk from a bottle heated in an electric heater, and so on. As the baby grows up, he begins to become interested in and, if possible, master the technology that surrounds him. At the same time, parents have to gently but convincingly introduce their child to safety precautions and the features of devices. IN game form This usually happens easily and painlessly. Riddles about electrical appliances are good for consolidating knowledge.

Why are riddles good?

There are many ways to interact with a child. It is very important to teach your child to think, communicate, reason and discuss. Riddles train observation, imaginative thinking, and increase vocabulary. Children's riddles about electrical appliances come in different forms - in poetry or prose, and each is about a specific item. It, without naming the device itself, talks about its functions and features. Riddles about electrical appliances make a child think, start comparing, analyzing their knowledge and previous experience.

What you should pay attention to

It is important that the riddles that are asked to the child are about devices that are familiar to him. It is better that the baby has already encountered them in action. For example, I saw my mother drying her hair with a hair dryer, a vacuum cleaner sucking up dust, my dad working with a drill, and my grandmother turning on the kettle. You can find riddles about electrical appliances for preschoolers in special books or manuals. If desired, you can compose them yourself, involving the child himself and other relatives. Making a riddle about a device that is unfamiliar to a child, or about which he only knows by hearsay, is not entirely correct. It will be difficult for the child to guess what it is about; he may get upset and stop loving this type of game.

If your child doesn't like riddles

Not all children like riddles. Most often, parents or other adults who ask too much are to blame for this. difficult questions. Or they ask about the subject before explaining and showing. The riddle should be about familiar things that the child has seen and touched. For example, such a riddle about electrical appliances for children: “He will sew a new skirt like a machine gun” - will not cause any difficulties for them if their mother often sews on a sewing machine.

To instill in a child a love of riddles, you should focus on his level of development and vocabulary. As soon as the baby begins to succeed, you need to actively rejoice at his successes, praise and focus on this. In this way, the situation of success is consolidated, and the child will be able to react positively to riddles both at home and among his peers.

About electricity and household changes

First, the child needs to be told in an accessible form about everything that surrounds him at home, including electricity. By understanding the properties and operating features of electrical appliances, the child will be able to avoid injury. He must understand that current is dangerous and playing with sockets is not good. Riddles about electrical appliances can help consolidate knowledge and form a full-fledged image of a technical subject. If it is difficult for your child to formulate exactly what function the device performs, you should tell him short poems or make riddles about electrical appliances. For example: “He is the only one in the world, he is very glad to meet the dust! Who is he?" (Vacuum cleaner). It’s good if the riddles are figurative, with a comparison that a child can understand:

“What is that box over there?

Everyone has one in their house,

He will tell you all the news himself

And the movie will show us!” (TV)

In this case, the TV is compared to a box. For modern flat models, this analogy is no longer suitable; this is also worth paying attention to. The child needs to be explained that devices used to be different, for example, the telephone had a cord and large buttons. You can show your child old devices that are kept by grandmothers. If there are no real models, photographs and pictures will do.

When are riddles appropriate?

In addition to the fact that they develop memory and imaginative thinking, the good thing about riddles is that they can be played anywhere. A boring trip, a queue at the store or a walk in the fresh air will be perfectly complemented by riddles. Thus, it will be interesting and useful to spend time with your child.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FIRST STEPS
Problem No. 1. About a candle and pieces of newspaper
No. 2. All about the same candle
No. 3. Old man's riddle 13
No. 4. About two trees 14
No. 5. About non-electrifying cloth 16
No. 6. Electric flytrap 17
F 7. About pieces of paper that undermine the laws of electricity 18
F 8. Again about candle 19
No. 9. About lamp glass
F 10. How a French scientist went crazy 21
No. 11. About problem ten 23
No. 12. About incomprehensible proportionality 25
No. 13. On the action of charge on an electrified body 26
No. 14. About the glass and copper rod 27
No. 15. About a new method of charging an electroscope 31
No. 16. Another method of charging an electroscope 32
No. 17. About the extraordinary behavior of the leaves of the electroscope -
No. 18. Riddle of tree leaves 34
F 19. About the tip 36
F 20. About wood lightning rods 37
F 21. Convicting us of negligence 39
No. 22. About a standing and sitting person 40
No. 23. About thermal energy 42
No. 24. About watermelon and apple 44
No. 25. On the destruction of the gravitational force of the earth 47
No. 26. On the continuous increase in the potential of the earth 48
No. 27. On the properties of electrified earth 50

FROM REST TO MOVEMENT
No. 28. What our textbooks say 52
No. 29. About moving lead 53
No. 30. The first riddle of the incandescent light bulb 56
No. 31. About the second riddle of the incandescent light bulb 58
No. 32. About the third riddle of the glow lamp 59
No. 33. About the last riddle 61
No. 34. About different electric currents 62
No. 35. No special title 64
No. 36. About earth wire 65
No. 37. About head pins and the “German Sea” in bank 67
No. 38. About wayward grapes 70
No. 39. About “retribution” for the killed frog 71
No. 40. About the German barrier 73
No. 41. About a point in the “German Sea” 76
No. 42. About a weak current, which is stronger than a strong one 77
No. 43. About the “stupid” current strength 79

ON THE INVENTIONAL PATH
No. 44. About senile changes in resistance 81
No. 45. How two knives boiled a glass of tea 83
No. 46. On the free receipt of warmth 84
No. 47. Trying to undermine trust in the deputy. Joule-Lenz 85
No. 48. About the “unknown” chlorine 88
No. 49. About the disappearance of a substance without a trace. 89
No. 50. About the end of alternating current 92
No. 51. About the professor’s mistake 94
No. 52. About grandfather element 96
No. 53. About the cast iron element 99
No. 54. About the generic battery 100
No. 55. How practice goes against theory 102
No. 56. About an element with two carbon electrodes 105
No. 57. About the first bewilderment of a comrade 107
No. 58, About the second perplexity of a comrade 108
No. 59. About electroculture without a current generator 110
No. 60. Leading us to a completely incomprehensible result 112
No. 61. About the error in our measurements 114

FROM LABORATORY TO LIFE
No. 62. About the new boiler 116
No. 63. Clarified three questions for us 117
No. 64. About a new transformation electrical energy 119
No. 65. About air travel of canned food boxes 120
No. 66. First project 121
No. 67. Second project -
No. 68. Concise in nature 124
No. 69. About two nails and a magnet 12"
No. 70. About one nail and a magnet 126
No. 71. About a naughty feather 127
No. 72. About the strange property of alternating current 128
No. 73. About the secret lock 130
No. 74. About the electromagnet paradox 131
No. 75. About one that is stronger than two 132
No. 76. About the new whim of the electromagnet 134
No. 77. About the new electric shutter 136

LAST OBSTACLES
No. 95. On energy transfer 167
No. 96. About the amazing box 168
No. 97. About one remarkable exception 173
No. 98. On wireless energy transmission 176
№ 99. New project"radio" 177
No. 100. About the position of the vibrator 179
No. 101. About a coherer made of a glass and two nails 182
No. 102. About the new cycle of electric forces 184
No. 103. About electric rays 185
No. 104. In which we try to embrace the immensity 188
No. 105. Last and farewell 194

I accepted with the greatest readiness the kind offer of the Publisher to write a few lines of preface to this book; but I must apologize in advance to both the Publisher and the readers for the fact that, perhaps, I will not be able to evaluate this new work of V. A. Sieber with due impartiality. The author, already familiar to me from the small book of the first issue of “Living Problems,” long ago bribed me in his favor with these precious finds among his “methodological quests.” “The Mysteries of Electricity” fascinated me even more as a vivid embodiment of many of those cherished pedagogical dreams that fascinated me during my years of teaching.
The lively pictures of “Riddles” revived in me memories of the most gratifying, most fruitful moments of communication with young students. Re-reading these pages, I again felt like I was among the lively youths, not those “best” students who, without hesitation or doubt, carefully put into their heads any school wisdom they wanted, but those restless green heads who skeptically criticized the most solid truths that hundreds asked half-ridiculous questions and came up with dozens of completely ridiculous, fantastic projects.
Which physics teacher is not familiar with: the electric flytrap, and the project to electrify the Earth in order to destroy gravity, and the “successful” experiments with electrolysis, which turned out to be simple boiling of water, etc., etc.? But it is precisely from such - and only from such - confusion that the distinct contours of the foundations of physics crystallize; Apart from such wanderings, in the first steps of independent thought there are no roads to correct scientific prospects.
The author is a thousand times right, starting from the thick fog of fragmentary, superficial knowledge, these ordinary gifts of school courses and popular books, and even more right, pointing out the path that leads to the light. Each episode, each page convincingly and fascinatingly inspires the young reader that the only true basis for a clear, fruitful understanding of physics is experience, experiment, that in order to get comfortable with the science that was born and developing in the wise scientific laboratories of scientific specialists, one must first of all take up for experimenting myself. Let this own experiment be as primitive and crude as you like, let it repeat what has long been known, tried thousands of times, or let it be an absurd, impracticable idea; all the same - every personal experiment will yield something valuable that cannot be acquired by any other means, something without which the very spirit of experimental science remains alien.
Two words about the external form of presentation. Descriptions of the successes and failures of young experimenters, varied remarks during their heated debates, all this is presented so vitally and captivatingly that the reader’s intense attention does not weaken for a minute. Occasional jokes, anecdotes, funny quotes do not entertain, but, on the contrary, draw attention more strongly to the essence of the issue.
This book is not, of course, a textbook; but give it to students who have completed the ABCs of school physics, it
will infect them with a keen interest and teach them a lot that the most detailed textbooks will not teach.
This book is not a methodological essay; but pictures of the collective quest of young physics lovers, breathing with life, promote a very specific method of teaching better than any theoretical foundations and logical arguments.
This method is one of the most successful, one of the most vital varieties of the heuristic, or, as it is now more often said, the research method. There is no need to talk about the fundamental rationality and exceptional fruitfulness of this method: it is too obvious. One can, perhaps, only emphasize the increased productivity of collective, circle work.
It would take too long to point out and go through individual moments, especially those that were successful for the author; it is much easier to point out the few that are in doubt and that will probably become part of pedagogical use only with some adjustments.
The described circle of young physicists gathers in the apartment of one of the members, which gives rise to the task of inventing a secret electric lock. But why doesn’t the circle just meet at school? A properly organized school should provide both shelter and means for experiments to such a circle, without in the least constraining its initiative and in no way reducing the keen interest of young researchers. Then, why doesn’t a physics teacher speak in the debate? I think that in a normal relationship between teacher and students, the teacher should, of course, be better not as a chairman, but as a frequent guest of the circle, acting as an opponent and sometimes as a speaker.
I say this because I would really like to see such lively, vigorous, friendly work within the school walls, and not just among the Huguenot conspirators gathering behind a secret castle.
While I strongly recommend this book to teachers and students, I repeat that I cannot consider myself an impartial critic: perhaps many things seem beautiful to me only due to coincidences with my subjective views, with my personal tastes. I think, however, that the real assessment of this book in general is not ours, as teachers. She will find the most accurate assessment in circles of young physicists, similar to the one described by V. A. Sieber.
It would be a misunderstanding if such a circle began to systematically study the “Riddles”, doing everything - and only that - that is described in them; but if the book is taken only as a model, if, having grasped its spirit and meaning, the circle will look in it for a leader and adviser in solving their own problems and questions, to clarify their own perplexities, then the book will brilliantly fulfill its purpose, and in the debates of young physicists will often hear the praise she deserves.
A. Tsinger.
Lichterfelde,
December 1925

FROM THE AUTHOR.
If this book falls into the hands of a teacher or physicist, then perhaps they will be unpleasantly surprised by the freedom of presentation that the author sometimes takes in it.
There are many books, written in all languages, that strive to explain scientific issues to the reader in a way that is easy to understand. Some try to comprehensively cover the issue, not to deviate a single step from the “truth,” but as a result, despite the beautiful, figurative language, the complexity of the picture is often beyond the capabilities of an unprepared reader. Others risk approaching the issue only from one specific point of view. They pose and solve it in only one plane, in one section. It is clear that they cannot reveal its entire essence, but sometimes the results of such processing of the issue turn out to be more tangible.
The author of this book has chosen the second path.
A physics teacher who does not share the author’s main idea may still be able to use some new experimental material available in this book.
It should be emphasized that when selecting the material, the author did not take into account either program or methodological requirements. The author saw students and only students in front of him. He proceeded from their requests, doubts and interests.
This is a student's book.
However, this is not a textbook or a problem book on electricity.
This is an essay on the development of many issues of electricity by amateurs of this department of physics, who united in a circle to work together.
The tasks-questions and tasks-works contained in this book concern only some of the basic issues of the elementary course of electricity.
It is strongly recommended not to read these problems separately, so that all questions and their solutions are completely clear. If the reader, before looking into the solution, had carried out the corresponding experiment himself, then this book would probably have been read with greater benefit.
When reading this book, it is not useless to have some physics textbook at hand.
In concluding the preface, I would like to express my gratitude to those people whose help made it possible for me to realize my plan by publishing my book in its present form.
I express my deep gratitude to Professor A.V. Tsinger for a number of instructions and full of goodwill criticism, which is always so necessary for the author.
I sincerely thank O. A. Volberg for his very special editorial and creative work on the book and for his friendly assistance in the technical field, as well as Yu D. Skaldin, whose exquisite skill gave the book artistic value.
I consider it necessary to note with great gratitude the presence of an unusually careful attitude to the appearance of the book on the part of the publishing house, which is so difficult and so rare in the conditions of the present time.
V. Sieber.

First steps.
Several years ago, among some students and simply lovers of physics, the idea arose of independently developing questions in this most interesting field of knowledge.
A circle of “Physics Lovers” was organized.
In our circle, heated debates often arose over the most various topics from the field of physics. There was no particular order in these matters.
However, somehow a memorable dispute arose among us, which, against our will, directed the conversations into the mainstream of a certain system. We ourselves didn’t notice how in 6 months we repeated, and with what pleasure, almost the entire basic course of electricity. Our furious discussion began with one of our comrades saying:
- This is, finally, unbearable... You repeat like parrots: all bodies are electrified from friction, - but if I tell you right now, electrify me at least some object in our room, you won’t be able to do it, and Now you will begin to explain at length and incomprehensibly why all the objects we have are “generally speaking electrified, but in our situation it is impossible to carry out such an experiment.” It’s impossible, so don’t talk about universal electrification.
After this attack, our chairman pulled a candle towards him and said:
“And I, my dear, don’t understand why you attacked us.” You yourself know very well that every body rubbed against something becomes electrified. But one is strongly electrified, another - weaker, the third - so weakly that using crude methods to detect the presence of an electric charge on it is completely
impossible. Haven't all our experiences been enough for you? The glass was rubbed against the skin - it became electrified; an ebonite stick on cloth - it also became electrified. Didn’t we rub the newspaper? Finally, we even electrified each other - you hit me on the back with your fur hat, and from this small pieces of paper were attracted to my finger?!
“Eh,” our debater objected, “I know this very well myself, but understand that all these experiments require special devices and materials, and I say that if you convince others that all bodies are electrified from friction, it is necessary use an object that is available in household use, and which does not require a number of tricks to electrify it. We rubbed the glass with leather, but the leather was covered with amalgam. They rubbed an ebonite stick, but what kind of house has such sticks? We electrified the newspaper, but you probably forgot that we waited a whole week for a dry day and in the end had to turn on the stove in order to dry and heat the newspaper sheet. Moreover, when about ten people gathered in our room to enjoy the spectacle of the electrification of “our press,” as you put it then, then this same “press,” with the most furious rubbing of it with brushes, gave at first some result, and then from the breath of those present became damp and staged a “mass strike.” Well, the last experience was a wonderful experience. And people will be found everywhere, and fur hat you can get it, but in order to electrify you, you had to stand on an insulated bench, otherwise the electricity would go out of you into the floor, and from it along the walls of the house into the ground. Perhaps you will say that an insulating bench can be found in every home?
“You are irreconcilable today,” said our chairman. - But you’re still wrong. Let's start in order; The skin does not have to be amalgamated - amalgam is used to enhance electrification. You say it's ebony
To cover the skin, tin-zinc amalgam is most often used, i.e. an alloy of tin and zinc with mercury. Amalgam is generally called a solution of a metal in mercury.
now you won’t find it anywhere except in the physics office; this is, of course, not true; but who is stopping you from replacing ebonite, at least, for example, with sealing wax or celluloid? As for the experiments with a newspaper sheet and with the electrification of a person, from your point of view you are probably right, but...
The debater interrupted the chairman:
- I didn’t ask you whether I was right or wrong. Give me electricity immediately. That's what I'm asking of you.
“Well, I’ll give it to you,” said the chairman. “Only this time, according to our rules, I’ll give it to you as a task.”

Task No. 1.
About a candle and pieces of newspaper.
“Prove with the help of this candle,” said the chairman, “that it can be electrified.” Here's another piece of newspaper for you.
“It’s clear to me,” said our indomitable comrade, “that you are offering a piece of newspaper only to use it as a body attracted to the candle.” But please tell me how can I electrify it if you don’t give me anything to rub it with.
“Because I won’t give it,” said the chairman, “because you have something that can be used to rub a candle.” And I have it, and all our comrades have it, and indeed all people, with very few exceptions. Well, solve the problem; I won't say anything more.
It is enough to run a stearine candle through your hair two or three times or rub it on cloth to electrify it. You can detect a charge on a candle using a variety of techniques. Any electrified body has the property of attracting very light bodies. Of course, if the electric charge is very weak, we may not be able to detect it using crude methods, but more advanced instruments (for example, an electroscope, see Assignment No. 19) will make it possible to establish the electrification of the body.
Let's tear up several small pieces of newspaper, bring the electrified end of a candle to them, and they will immediately be attracted.
“Wait a minute,” said one of those present, “I want to propose one more problem.” Of course, we now know very well that, strictly speaking, non-conductors (insulators) of electricity do not exist. All bodies - silk, glass, porcelain, and other so-called insulators - conduct electricity through themselves to a greater or lesser extent. However, this amount of electricity is so insignificant that for practical purposes it is quite possible to neglect the conductivity of the insulators. I want to say, comrades, that we continue to divide all bodies into conductors of electricity - metals, solutions of salts, acids, alkalis - and non-conductors - resins, oils, etc.. I say all this so that you do not find fault with my

Task No. 2.
All about the same candle.
How can one prove that stearin is a very good insulator without making any experiments other than those suggested in problem No. 1?
If you have done the experiment indicated in task No. 1, you probably noticed how long a stearin candle holds a charge. This is a sign of a good insulator. Indeed, stearin is an excellent insulator. This can already be seen from the fact that you, holding the candle by one end, were able to electrify the other. If stearin were a conductor, then you would not be able to hold a charge on it, since the electricity would go into the ground through your hand.
“Well, this problem is simple,” said one of us, “but this summer I was faced with one that I still cannot solve.” I began to tell one old man in the village that lightning is, supposedly, an electric discharge - “a jump,” I tell him, “of electricity from a cloud to the ground.” I told him everything I knew. “The closer,” I tell him, “some
an object to a cloud, and the better a conductor it is, the more likely lightning will hit it. That’s why,” I tell him, “lightning strikes bell towers so often.” He looked at me and said:

Task No. 3.
The old man's riddle.
“Our church has been standing for more than 40 years, and its cross has never been struck by lightning. However, boy, during these 40 years, a thunderstorm burned one
Rice. 1. Our church is more than 40 years old, and its cross has never been hit by lightning
a mill, two houses, people were killed for reaping, cattle, and I can’t even remember everything. It’s too far to remember, but on Ilyin’s day a haystack burned down this year. Here's the bell tower for you!
I told him that maybe the church was in a deep ravine, and the haystack was on a hill. Grandfather only
laughed: “Have you not seen our church yet? What was my answer, comrades? After all, I read about the bell tower in books, but here is life itself. - It was also bad that the old man clearly hinted that the cross on the church would not touch the “threshold”. I was not glad that I started this conversation.
“Yes, yes,” said another of us, “I myself witnessed a similar incident.”

Task No. 4.
About two trees.
I lived on the high bank of the Ob River not far from Biysk. This bank near my house formed a deep ravine, at the bottom of which a spring ran. Two trees grew right opposite my windows: a pine tree above, a tall aspen below. During a thunderstorm, lightning struck the aspen and severely split and disfigured it, but the pine, whose top rose much higher than the aspen, remained untouched. You see, comrades, here is another similar case.
These two problems interested us greatly. Especially because at the first moment we didn’t even know how to make their decision.
Lightning strikes are very diverse and whimsical. Often it is completely impossible to find out the reasons for lightning striking a particular place due to the lack of accurate detailed information about all conditions environment who were present at the time of impact. The issue of lightning has been discussed more than once in our circle, and the reader will also receive information about atmospheric electricity. However, the question posed in this problem can be resolved quite
simple considerations” The cloud strives to transfer its charge to the ground. Since air is a very poor conductor, the charge of a cloud, with a strong accumulation of electricity, breaks through it in the form of a huge spark, which we call lightning. Obviously, such a discharge chooses the path that has the least resistance to the passage of electricity. The resistance of the air itself is not the same everywhere. It depends on a greater or lesser accumulation of water vapor, water itself in the form of tiny droplets, dust, etc. Therefore, the path of lightning is extremely rarely straight. If we stick a long wooden pole vertically into the ground, and during a thunderstorm it is wetted by rain, we will get a conductor much better than air. The higher such a pole is, the more accurately a lightning strike will be directed at it. The property of the surface of the earth itself also plays a huge role in the question of the location of a lightning strike. A thick layer of completely dry sand or clay is a very good insulator. On the contrary, the wet black soil strip is a good conductor.
Thus, the question that interests us is resolved simply. The church stood on a mountain of sand and stone. Therefore, even if we assume that the church itself, from the top of the cross to the foundation, was a satisfactory or even a good conductor, it still could not provide a path for lightning into the ground, devoid of great resistance, since there was a layer of insulator under the church. On the contrary, the haystack, although located below the church, stood, as the peasant put it, “in a swamp.” The excellent conductivity of the earth and the conductivity of hay wetted by thunderstorm rain could easily create conditions under which the path of lightning into the ground through a haystack had less resistance than through a church.
You can easily solve the last problem yourself based on the same considerations that guided us in the previous one. It should be noted that there is one more circumstance involved here: deciduous trees, other things being equal, have better conductivity than coniferous trees.
Perhaps you can point out one of the reasons for this property of deciduous trees?
The next day, when the problems were solved, our debater shared with us another bewilderment.
“I rubbed the candle with a piece of cloth.” The candle became electrified, as pieces of paper were attracted to it. It was obvious to me that if the rule is true that all bodies become electrified when they rub against any other body, as long as it does not have the same material, then the bastard should also become electrified. However, my experiments led to the following.

Task No. 5.
About non-electrifying cloth.
Rubbing the cloth on the candle, I brought it not only to pieces of paper, but even to the end of a suspended sewing thread and could not detect the slightest trace of electricity. Maybe a much weaker charge appears on the cloth from friction with the candle than on the candle, which can only be detected by very sensitive instruments?
We solved this problem instantly.
All bodies are electrified to a greater or lesser extent due to friction. From this it is clear that the cloth, due to friction with the candle, should become electrified. When two bodies rub against each other, both are electrified by dissimilar electricity. The stearin of a candle, rubbed on cloth, is negatively electrified, therefore the cloth should receive a positive charge. Finally, experience and theory convince us that the amount of electricity on both rubbing bodies is the same. Therefore, the assumption that the charge on the cloth is smaller than on the candle is fundamentally incorrect. The whole issue is resolved
Experiments have convinced us that there are only two types of electricity: one is conditionally positive, the other is negative.
very easy if we remember that cloth, although a very bad conductor, is still a conductor of electricity. Holding it in our hand, we conduct electricity into the ground. If we attached it to some insulator, for example, to a second candle, we would find a positive charge on the cloth exactly equal to the negative charge on the candle.
We pointed out to our friend that he obviously had a bad understanding of electricity if he offered us such a problem.
“Okay, okay,” he said, “everyone knows that I know electricity worse than you.” And I’ll tell you about my invention, which I made yesterday.

Task No. 6.
Electric flytrap.
Imagine that in the middle of the room there is a metal ball suspended from the ceiling, which is constantly charged with electricity. You know, flies always hover around a hanging lamp; it is clear that they will curl around the ball. Due to the fact that it is electrified, they will be strongly attracted to it, but will not be able to fly away from it. They will hang, hang and die.
We greeted this original project with friendly laughter.
“You are different today,” we started talking. “Not only will your flies not stick to the ball, but even if they wanted to stay on its surface, they would be thrown off it.” The ball will attract the fly, that's true, but as soon as the fly touches the ball, it itself will be charged with its electricity. And you should know very well that like charges of electricity repel. Now, if you somehow managed to charge the fly, say, negatively, then, of course. the fly would be attracted to the ball as long as there were dissimilar electricity on it and on the ball. But how would you do this practically? After all, the fly will inevitably touch the ball, and then three things can happen. If there was the same amount of electricity on the ball as on the fly, then these two opposite and equal amounts of electricity will mutually neutralize: all the power of one and the other will be mutually destroyed. Then your fly will just fall to the floor. If the charge on the ball is greater than on the fly, then that part of it that is equal to the charge of the fly neutralizes it. The rest of the electricity, spreading throughout the entire ball and partially transferring to the fly, will push it away from the ball. The same will happen if the charge of the fly is greater than the charge of the ball.
The flytrap proposed by the inventor is theoretically impossible. However, if we covered a metal ball with a layer of non-conductor, for example, shellac, then, obviously, then the charge of the ball would not be able to transfer to the fly, and it would always be under the influence of gravity. In practice, such a flytrap is, of course, so inconvenient and expensive (after all, to electrify the ball you need special device, which would charge it), that not a single person would think of using it to catch flies.
“Let’s see,” said the inventor of the flytrap, “who will emerge victorious this time.” I myself know that like charges of electricity repel, and opposite charges attract. Now give me the answer to this: if some bodies, say, strings, pieces of paper, straws, etc., are attracted to an electrified body, then after touching them they should repel or not?
“It’s clear, they should,” said the chairman, “look in any book.”
- I won’t look at it in the book, but you better admire my experience. So I rubbed the candle on my hair, rubbed the sealing wax on the cloth. Now I'll tear up pieces of paper. Look!

Task 7.
About pieces of paper that undermine the laws of electricity.
If you bring an electrified candle or a stick of sealing wax to pieces of paper, then these pieces are attracted to them, but, contrary to expectation, they do not repel after touching, but continue to stay on their surface indefinitely. Why is this happening?
We were stunned by this experience. Undoubtedly, this time our comrade won. However, what's the big deal? After all, our reasoning was undoubtedly correct, and the experience indicated in problem No. 7 also did not arouse the slightest suspicion.
We could not solve this problem in any way. When we had accumulated enough experience and knowledge, we finally understood the mysterious reason for the strange behavior of the pieces of paper. The reader will also learn about it in due time from this book.
It was decided to postpone the solution of this problem for a while and first clarify the validity of the basic laws of interaction of electricity. One of us immediately suggested on this topic

№ 8.
Again about the candle.
- Here, comrades, I put a candle and a spool of thread on the table. Prove that electricity of the same name repels.
“Wait a minute to decide,” said the second member of the circle, “I’ll give you the second problem right away.”

Task No. 9.
About lamp glass.
In addition to a candle and a spool of thread, take a lamp glass and a piece of leather and prove that opposite electricity attracts.
We tried to solve the first problem in this way: we hung two sewing threads next to each other and then electrified them with a candle. Obviously, both threads in this case should
were electrified in the same way (negatively) and, therefore, repelled from each other. However, the experience disappointed us. Both threads, attracted to the candle, did not want to leave it, and we realized that in this case, too, we had come across the mysterious phenomenon that was discussed in problem No. 7. From here we could only draw one conclusion:; either we solved this problem in the wrong way, or our friend who proposed it to us gave us an impossible task. One of us even said that he could have solved this problem differently if he had been given two candles.
- I would hang one on a thread, securing it in the middle so that the candle is in a horizontal position. Then I would electrify one end of this candle and the end of the second. The second candle would be brought closer to the electrified end of the suspended one. Since both candles would be electrified with the same electricity, the end of the suspended candle would have to repel.
This thought prompted us to solve the problem. Who stopped us from making two candles from one? We broke our candle in half and finally became convinced that like charges, at least negative ones, repel.
After solving this problem, the second one seemed quite simple to us. By rubbing the lamp glass on the skin, we received a charge of positive electricity on it. Bringing it to a suspended candle (previously electrified), we discovered the attraction of its end to the lamp glass. The attraction of opposite electricity has been proven. We greatly varied these experiments: we suspended a lamp glass instead of a candle, and even, contrary to the conditions of this task, we took a second glass and thus became convinced that there is repulsion between positive charges. The question of the interaction of electricity was clarified.
“Comrades,” I said, “today I can please you with my discovery, although it is not of an experimental nature. Have you ever heard about how electricity was discovered in France in the Middle Ages?
“No,” said my comrades.
- Listen!

END OF PARAGMEHTA BOOKS

Natalia Nagovitsyna
Electrical Appliances Quiz

Progress of the lesson.

Children sit in a semicircle on chairs.

Educator: Children, today we will talk to you about an interesting topic. Which one? You will have to find out by solving my riddle. Listen to the riddle:

"To distant villages, cities

Who's walking the wire?

Bright Majesty!

This is (electricity).

Right. Today we will talk about electricity and electrical appliances - complex devices that are powered by electricity; they, like good wizards, perform a variety of housework. Without them it would be difficult for a person. Guys, do you have electrical appliances at home? Which? Name them (children list electrical appliances).

Carlson runs in with a bandaged hand, groaning and gasping.

Carlson: “Hello, guys!”

Educator: Hello, Carlson. What happened to you?

Carlson: “What, what? You know that I love to play pranks. So, so many things happened to me: firstly, I was riding on a chandelier, and it broke, and I almost got an electric shock when I wanted to go down the wires.

Secondly, I really like drinking tea with pumpkins, I put the kettle on and forgot about it, but it boiled and boiled and boiled away and almost started a fire.

And thirdly, I burned myself on the iron. And a lot of other things happened to me.”

Teacher Carlson, how could you do this? Children, what do you think? good deeds did Carlson do? (children’s answers). You see, our children don’t do this, because they know how to use electrical appliances correctly and always do them. It's good that you came to our classes. We are now talking about electrical appliances. Please sit down and the children will explain everything to you and teach you how to use electrical appliances correctly so that nothing happens to you in the future.

Educator: “Oh, now I want to see how well the children know electrical appliances. I will ask riddles, and if you find out what kind of electrical appliance this is, raise your hand and answer.”

Puzzles:

1) Irons dresses and shirts,

He will iron our pockets.

He is a faithful friend on the farm -

His name is... (iron)

2) Admire, look -

The North Pole is inside!

Snow and ice sparkle there

Winter itself lives there. (fridge)

3) I have a robot in my apartment

He has a huge trunk.

The robot loves cleanliness

And it hums like a Tu liner.

He willingly swallows dust,

Doesn't get sick, doesn't sneeze... (vacuum cleaner).

4) Not a radio, but speaks

Not a theater, but a show... (TV).

5) A pear is hanging - you can’t eat it... (bulb).

6)Only me, only me,

I'm in charge of the kitchen

Without me, no matter how hard you work

Sit down without lunch... (plate).

7) If you press the button

There will be music... (record player).

Educator: Well done, the children guessed all the riddles correctly. And now I invite you to play the game “Who’s in charge?”

The teacher hands out object pictures to the children, and they describe the object, what it is for, and end the story with the words: “I am the most important.”

1) I am a vacuum cleaner, I am the most necessary.

I clean everything in the apartment

I love dust and debris"

(I am in charge).

2) I am a fan.

“It’s good that a fan is helping us guys

Like a bee he will buzz

The breeze will refresh us. (I'm in charge).

3) And I am a washing machine.

“My main business is

Wash the clothes clean"

I not only know how to do laundry,

I can rinse, wring out. (I am the main one)

4) I am a refrigerator.

“It’s a problem without a refrigerator.

Food will spoil in the heat.

And even our hungry cat

It won’t go well with this kind of food” (I’m in charge).

5) I am an electric stove.

“An electric miracle, it cooks different dishes.

He will cook borscht or rassolnik and fry eggs.

Meat, chicken will be stewed

And dry the crackers. (I am in charge).

6) I am an iron.

“The iron is like a steamship,

He floats smoothly through the laundry,

Is your dress wrinkled? - Nothing!

He will smooth it out quickly. (I am in charge).

7) I am a hairdryer.

“I was in a hurry for the matinee, drying my hair with a hairdryer.

And then she took out the tongs and curled the strands into curls.

I worked hard and turned into a princess!” (main hair dryer).

8) I am a microwave oven.

Without microwave oven

Difficult to cope in the cafeteria

I'll cook and warm you up

I eat lighter and faster.” (I'm in charge).

9) I am a mixer.

"He instantly without problems

He will whip up cream for the cake for us.” (main mixer).

10) I am an electric kettle.

“You plug me into the socket,

Whenever you want to drink tea." (I am in charge).

Educator: All participants in the dispute are necessary and useful.

Children, what needs to be done to make electrical appliances work?

(children's answers)

In order for the devices to work, they are plugged into an outlet - the entrance gate to the electrical network.

And what is this invisible thing that sits in the socket and makes household machines work (children’s answers).

Educator: That's right, electric current runs through the wires and makes electrical appliances work. Electric current is somewhat similar to a river, only water flows in the river, and very small particles - electrons - flow through the wires.

Now let's play. Imagine that you are small particles of current running through wires.

Game "Current Runs Through Wires".

Children, intercepting the knots on the rope with their right and left hands, say the words:

Current runs through the wires

Light brings light into our apartment.

For the devices to work,

Refrigerator, monitors.

Coffee grinders, vacuum cleaner,

The current brought energy.

Educator: but electrical appliances can be dangerous things. It all depends on how to handle and store them. Otherwise, the electric current turns into a beast.

It's very dangerous to play with him, my friend!

The beast's name is electric current.

Don’t rush to stick your fingers into the socket.

If you try to joke with the current,

He will get angry and might kill.

Current is for electrical appliances, understand,

Better never tease him!

Listen to one instructive story that happened to a little girl.

Poem by M. Monakova “Sockets are not interesting to me!”

Girl: A neighbor came to visit us,

We frolicked with her for half a day,

The knitting needle was inserted into the socket,

From the socket - a pillar of fire!

My neighbor and I barely

We managed to jump to the side.

My dad, a great expert,

He told us:

Boy: “There is current in the socket,

I don’t advise you to touch this socket,

Never grab irons or wires!

An invisible current without hands can suddenly hit you!”

Guys, what does this poem teach us (current is dangerous, you shouldn’t play around with an outlet).

What can happen if you do not follow safety rules when using electrical appliances?

That's right, something bad might happen.

Children, let's show and tell Carlson how to behave with electrical appliances so that trouble does not happen.

(We show the plot pictures on the screen with dangerous situations, and the children tell).

To reinforce the rules for using electrical appliances, I suggest you play the game “Does and Don’ts”

I ask the children, if what I say can be done, then they clap their hands, and if it is not possible, then they squat down.

Inserting foreign objects, especially electrical objects, into an electrical outlet. (it is forbidden).

Turn on the desk lamp. (Can)

Touch exposed wires with your hands. (it is forbidden)

Turn on the electric kettle. (Can)

Touch switched-on electrical wires with wet hands. (it is forbidden)

Leave switched on electrical appliances unattended. (it is forbidden)

Use faulty devices. (it is forbidden)

Turn on the lights in the apartment. (Can)

Plug many devices into one outlet. (it is forbidden)

Turn on the electric stove yourself. (it is forbidden)

Educator:

And, you know, guys, that there is electricity that is harmless, quiet, and unnoticeable. It lives everywhere, on its own, and if you catch it, you can play with it in a very interesting way. I want to invite you to the land of “Magic Objects”, where we will learn how to catch electricity. You need to close your eyes and count to 10. Here we are in a magical land.

Educator:

Now I'll take it in my hands balloon and I'll try to turn it into magic. Now I will show you how to do this. I invite any child to help.

Experience. I touch the ball to the finely chopped pieces of paper.

What do you see? (the papers lie quietly).

But now Lisa and I will turn an ordinary ball into a magical one and I will show you how to do it. Let's rub the ball on Lisa's hair and apply it again to the pieces of paper with the same side that we rubbed.

So the balls became magical.

Why did the ball attract the pieces of paper?

This happened because electricity lives in our hair, and we caught it when we began to rub the ball on our hair. He became electric, so he attracted the pieces of paper.

Conclusion: electricity lives in hair.

Now you guys try to make other objects magical.

Take the plastic sticks from the tray and touch the paper balls. What do you see? (lie quietly).

Now we will do these regular chopsticks magical, electric, and they will attract you.

Take a piece of wool scarf and rub it on a plastic stick. Slowly bring the stick to the balls and slowly lift it up. The balls will also rise. Why?

The sticks became electric and the balls stuck to them and were attracted.

How did sticks become electric? They were rubbed with a piece of scarf.

Conclusion: electricity lives not only in hair, but also in clothes.

I have a musical toy in my hands. I press the button, but it doesn't sound. What happened (children's answers). Indeed, it does not have a battery. Now I'll put the battery - plus to plus, minus to minus. The toy started working. Why?

What kind of power is hidden in batteries? (children's answers).

When we installed the battery, an electric current flowed through the toy and it started working.

Conclusion: the battery contains harmless electricity. The toys are very fun and interesting to play with.

What battery powered toys do you have? (children's answers).

Educator:

Guys, you are great! Today you learned how to make objects magical. It's time for us to say goodbye to the magical land and return to kindergarten. Now close your eyes.

One, two, three, four, five - here we are in kindergarten again.

Educator:

Well, Carlson, are you sure that our children know the rules for using electrical appliances?

Carlson: Yes, you guys are great. Well, I, too, will now follow the safety rules.

Educator:

That's right, Carlson, safety rules must be followed.

Thank you guys, now I remember the safety rules well. I have to go, see you guys.

Educator:

So our lesson has come to an end.

Follow all the rules for using electrical appliances and electricity will be your friend. And so that you do not forget these rules, I give you reminders. Watch them and don't forget what not to do.

Used Books.

3. “The unknown is nearby”

Energylandia: Poems for children on energy security, riddles, tests.

Guys!
This material will introduce you to the rules of safe handling of electricity in a fun way. Remember them, and electricity will become your reliable friend and assistant.
Signor Plugelion

Energyland + gameland.

In the country of Energyland -
A wondrous light shines
In the country of Energyland -
What's missing here!
Electrical devices
There are countless useful ones here.
Lamps, soldering irons,
Ovens, chandeliers, kettles
Visible everywhere here.
And also televisions,
Fireplaces, hair dryers, mixers,
Garlands, refrigerators,
Floor lamps, boilers,
Computers and toasters –
In short, there’s plenty of everything here...
Country Energylandia –
It's so cozy to live in!
But life is even more comfortable
To the one who knows the rules,
And who is ready with the laws
This country should be friends!
Who's talking about these rules?
Doesn't know anything
He will remind him politely
The most famous expert about them -
Signor Plugelion!

Don't go near this wire!
There are a lot of big troubles hidden in it!
I saw the wire - tell those around you,
Tell adults about this as soon as possible!
If next to a broken wire
It turned out to be, remember then:
You have to go to the side with a goose step,
So that no trouble happens to you.

Guys! Don’t any of you know that it’s forbidden to play here in the security zone?!

You are deeply mistaken, girl! This tree will not save you - Lightning is a powerful electric strike, Know: it strikes a lonely tree!

Guys, remember: it is dangerous to turn on electrical appliances in the bathroom! Otherwise, not only your health will be affected by the current, but your young life can be lost in an instant!

Remember: forgetting about the iron on, you can suddenly lose your home and everything!

Stop, baby! Stop! Your life is at risk! Apart from the plug, nothing else can be inserted into the socket! Even a five-year-old boy should know this!

Stop! There are wires above the roof! Current always flows through them! And therefore, my friend, learn this law: Neither with hedgehogs nor with friends, do not strive to get there!

Guys! Get away from the tree! Wires in branches are dangerous! And if, on top of that, the weather is damp, then they are twice as scary!

Don’t imitate this Alla, young friend! Otherwise, disaster awaits you - fire!

No! Don't touch this wire! Don’t touch it with your little finger, let alone with your hand! The current does not forgive mistakes and nonsense. A second - and everything will turn into disaster! Sparking wire is deadly - this should never be forgotten! And in order to avoid trouble, you need to immediately call adults for help.

The arrow is drawn here for a reason - After all, my friend, this is a transformer! There is a current of deadly force hidden in it! There is no need to approach him!

Children! Remember the main rule: Whether with a stick, a branch, a pole - never touch the electrical wire - big trouble can happen!

For those who go fishing, guys, remember most important rule you need to: If you saw a power line, if it’s near a river, try to find another place, and lower the fishing rod down when you pass where the wires are visible. The fisherman must remember this and know, otherwise he cannot avoid trouble!

He's running on wires
It brings light into our apartment.
For the devices to work:
Refrigerator, monitors,
Coffee grinder, vacuum cleaner,
He brought energy.
(Electricity)

In the kitchen there is a tall white cabinet
Cools food safely
Will make ice floes in no time -
These are kids, - …
(Fridge)

You see, the cheerful steam is billowing,
The tea is boiling, the cake is baking:
Puffed up for a reason
Our electrical...
(Electric stove)

Here's mom ironing the sheets:
Who is this who is scurrying around stubbornly?
Above the board - hot south!
Come on, what is this?..
(Iron)

Not utensils for jam,
Not a flower bud on a branch -
This thing, without a doubt,
It's called...
(Socket)

What do your appliances eat:
Hairdryer, washing machine?
Electricity is not a mess
But of course they eat...
(with a fork)

The house is a glass bubble,
And a light lives in it!
During the day he sleeps, but when he wakes up,
It will light up with a bright flame.
(Bulb)

What kind of miracle, what kind of box?
He himself is a singer and himself a storyteller,
And at the same time
Shows movies.
(TV)

He willingly swallows dust,
Doesn't get sick, doesn't sneeze.
(Vacuum cleaner)

Night. But if I want,
I'll click once -
And I’ll turn it on for the day.
(Switch)

Very strict controller
Staring straight from the wall,
He looks and doesn’t blink:
All you have to do is turn on the light,
Or plug in the oven -
Everything is going wrong.
(Electricity meter)
I run along the paths
I can’t live without a path.
Where am I, guys, no?
The lights in the house won't come on.
(Electricity)

To distant villages, cities
Who's walking the wire?
Bright Majesty!
This...
(Electricity)

How well do you know electrical safety rules? To find out, I suggest you answer the following questions. Some questions may have more than one correct answer.

Test "Electricity on the street."

1. I know what a “Caution: Electrical Voltage” sign looks like. This:
1) yellow triangle with black lightning;
2) white square with black lightning;
3) a red circle with a white rectangle inside.
Answer: 1.

2. If your friend invites you to climb into the territory of a substation or power line and play next to a transformer, then you...
1) I won’t go myself and I’ll try to dissuade him;
2) I will categorically refuse: it is dangerous;
3) let's go together, we're friends
Answer: 1,2.

3. Is it possible to lean against a power line support or lean, for example, a bicycle, or climb onto the support?
1) absolutely not, it can be very life-threatening;
2) yes, nothing bad will happen;
3) I don’t know, I haven’t tried it.
Answer: 1.

4. What should you do if you see a broken wire lying on the ground, hanging on a power pole or on a tree?
1) push the wire away with a stick;
2) move far, far away from him at a goose pace;
3) do not approach, inform adults or call energy workers by calling 8-800-50-50-115.
Answer: 2.3.

5. Is it possible to run kite near power lines and throw objects on the wires?
1) yes, you can, but what’s wrong?
2) it is possible, but only so that adults do not see;
3) is strictly prohibited, it is mortally dangerous to life.
Answer: 3.

6. If you decide to go fishing with friends, what place should you NOT choose for fishing?
1) place under power line wires;
2) a place where nothing was caught last time;
3) a place where there are no fishermen nearby.
Answer: 1.

7. Is it safe to climb tall trees near which there is a power line?
1) no, falling from a tall tree is very painful;
2) yes, whether the wires pass or not does not matter;
3) climbing such trees is very dangerous, because you can get an electric shock.
Answer: 3.

8. You go fishing with a fishing rod on your shoulder and walk under power lines. What will you do?
1) Raise the fishing rod higher, first checking whether it reaches the wires;
2) you won’t change anything: just as the fishing rod was on your shoulder, let it be;
3) lower the fishing rod parallel to the ground so that it does not touch the wires.
Answer: 3.

9. A man was walking down the street and fell next to a wire. What will you do?
1) I’ll pass by;
2) I’ll run up and help you up;
3) I will remove the wire with a stick and help you get up; 4) I’ll call an ambulance and call adults.
Answer: 4.

Home Electricity Test.

1. If the device breaks down, you need to:
1) wait for parents;
2) repair it yourself.
Answer: 1.

2. Electrical appliances are dangerous to use...
1) in the kitchen;
2) in the bathroom;
3) in the living room.
Answer: 2.

3. Is it possible to touch electrical appliances, wires, plugs, sockets with wet hands?
1) you can wipe off the dust at the same time;
2) you can, what difference does it make with which hands you touch?
3) you can’t, it’s very dangerous.
Answer: 3.

4. When you have finished using an electrical appliance, how do you unplug it?
1) when sharply pulling the wire with your hands, there is no need to stand on ceremony with the equipment;
2) holding the socket, carefully remove the plug of the electrical appliance;
3) taking metal scissors, you begin to pick out the plug in the socket with them so that it does not get stuck.
Answer: 2.

5. A thunderstorm found you at home. What will you do?
1) unplug electrical appliances from the network, close doors and windows;
2) open the doors and windows wide: let Fresh air enters the house;
3) it’s scary to walk in a thunderstorm, turn on the TV.
Answer: 1.

6. What protects against electricity?
1) water;
2) rubber;
3) dry wood;
4) metal.
Answer: 2.3.

7. The man grabbed the wire and was shaking. What will you do?
1) the person is playing around, I’ll pass by;
2) a person is being electrocuted, I’ll try to pull him away;
3) a person gets an electric shock, I won’t touch anything, I’ll call an adult.
Answer: 3.

8. The lights went out in the apartment. What NOT to do?
1) call the emergency service;
2) light a flashlight or candle;
3) turn on electrical appliances;
4) open the electrical panel, trying to figure out on your own what the reason for the shutdown is.
Answer: 4.