Rough woolen fabric crossword puzzle. Wool fabric: varieties, how to care

Boucle (from the French boucler “to curl”) - rough fabric plain weave, made from fancy yarn having large knots located at some distance from each other, in the warp and weft or only in the weft, as a result of which the fabric acquires a knobby surface.
Predominantly woolen, bouclé-woven coat or suiting fabric
Coarse fabric made from fancy yarn
Fabric pretending to be scribble
"curly" fabric
Unsmooth, knotted fabric
Fabric with swirls
Fabric with a surface resembling astrakhan lamb
Fabric in small curls
Fabric for outerwear
Fabric in small curls

The Cipher Bureau (Polish: Biuro Szyfrów, [ˈbʲurɔ ˈʂɨfruf] listen) - a special unit of Polish military intelligence (the Second Department of the Polish Army General Staff), which existed in the 1930s - 1940s and worked on the problems of cryptography (the use of ciphers and codes) and cryptanalysis (the study of ciphers and codes, especially with the purpose of breaking them).
This is the name of the woolen fabric that used to be used to set tables in various institutions in France.

Velor (French velours - velvet, from Latin villosus - hairy, shaggy) is the name of some materials that have a soft pile velvety front surface.
Fabric for hats
Ribbed fabric
Fabric for soft hat
Hat fabric
Wool brushed fabric, shoe
Fabric for curtains
Upholstery fabric
Short pile fabric
Hat fabric
Fleecy fabric for upholstered furniture

Gabardine (French gabardine) is a woolen fabric made from merino yarn, very thin, twisted at two ends for the warp, and less thin, single for the weft.
Fine ribbed fabric
Fabric that rhymes with Borodin
Slanted ribbed fabric
Thick wool fabric
Fabric from Thomas Burberry
Coat fabric
Fabric for suits and coats
Fabric for outerwear
Thick ribbed fabric
Wool fabric made from merino yarn

Harus (Polish harus from German Haar “hair, wool”) is a genus of ancient wool or cotton yarn of two types:
Wool yarn, embroidery threads
Rough cotton fabric
Wool yarn or fabric for a dress
Cotton fabric
M. twisted, white or colored wool yarn; wool for sewing, embroidery. Garusina, garusina w. wool, garus thread. Garusny, from garus, or related to it: Garusnik m. merchant of garus; wool boxes
Wool yarn
Fabric that rhymes with sail
Wool yarn for knitting
Coarse plain weave cotton fabric
Wool yarn used for embroidery, knitting and weaving coarse fabrics

Reading time: 7 minutes

Natural wool is animal hair collected for processing and use. Wool fabric is mainly produced from sheep. Vegetation of camels, goats, llamas, and rabbits is also used. Wool consists mainly of keratin protein, which contains a lot of sulfur.

Animals are combed to obtain fluff and sheared to obtain wool. After collection, it is cleaned and sorted.

It is made into yarn, which is converted into natural fabrics or with the addition of synthetics. Used for the manufacture of felted and felted products.

Types of wool

According to the method of extraction, it is divided into three types:

“live” is cut from living animals;
“dead” is collected from animal skins at slaughterhouses, its quality is worse;
the restored one is obtained by splitting pieces of yarn and wool scraps.

Types of fiber:

fluff is the softest, thinnest, most delicate and valuable part;
transitional hair – less crimped, like fluff, stiffer and thicker;
dead hair is hard, fragile.

Origin of the fiber

Types depending on the animal:

Camel hair is obtained from the undercoat of the Bactrian camel. It is combed out once a year. From one individual you can collect from 4 to 9 kg. This material is lighter than sheep's and retains body temperature better than others. Quickly absorbs and evaporates moisture. It cannot be dyed, so it is produced in only 14 shades. Such clothing helps in the treatment of many diseases.
Llama wool can only be obtained in Peru. Previously, this animal was a beast of burden, and now the quality of the vegetation is different for everyone. Only llamas with soft hair are selected for cutting and combing. Down is used to make luxury fabrics, and hair is also used.
Alpaca is a rare Peruvian llama. They cut it once a year and get no more than 3.5 kg of wool. Therefore it is very expensive. Durable and warm, resistant to stains. There are 22 natural shades this material.

Types of wool fabrics

Different woolen fabrics differ from each other in density, processing method, and composition.

In general, they can be divided into three subgroups:

Coarse cloth fabrics are very coarse, heavy, thick and dense. They are mainly used to make country-style coats and jackets.
Thin-wool ones are intended for the manufacture of light coats, jackets, and suits. They are not very dense.
Worsted is smooth and thin. Area of application - mostly costumes.

Depending on the purpose, various woolen fabrics are used.

For business suits

Popular fabrics for the production of women's and men's suits:

Single-layer plain weave cloth with a matte surface. Made from fine, semi-fine or semi-coarse fibers.
- the softest variety. Fine hardware yarn produces a loose structure and a textured surface.
used for the production of jackets with twill weaving. It comes in plain colour. No diagonal rib.

For coat

What are women's and men's coats made of:

Made from merino wool using a twill weave. Dense, rigid, wear-resistant, water-repellent plain material. Doesn't wrinkle. Suitable for light coats.
made with a complex weave with the addition of synthetic threads. Warm fabric with a fluffy front side. The loose structure promotes the appearance of dirt. Tights form and threads come out in areas of frequent friction.
with obvious pile, dense and heavy. Retains heat well and does not allow air to pass through. Man-made fibers are often added to provide strength and reduce static.
Cashmere is an expensive fabric, sometimes natural fibers are mixed with artificial ones. It is obtained from a twill weave of the finest fibers.

Baby clothes

To prevent rough materials from causing injury delicate skin child, two soft types are usually used:

Thin wool is brushed on both sides. Doesn't hold its shape well, but is warm and comfortable, breathable.
– wool knitwear, soft and comfortable. Elastic and almost wrinkle-free.

Other options

What other fabrics are there:

How to determine the naturalness of wool

Three simple ways:

Take a piece of thread and set it on fire. Natural fiber flashes quickly and burns slowly. When it goes out, the smell of burnt hair will be felt, and the burnt thread is easily ground into dust. Material containing artificial fibers will leave behind a polymer droplet.
You need to wrinkle a piece of fabric and listen to your feelings. The synthetic fiber slides and makes a grinding sound, which can even give you unpleasant goosebumps. During the process, static electricity appears and a cracking sound is heard. Small flashes are visible in the darkness. If you knead the natural fabric, the skin will only tingle a little.
Take a close look at the yarn. Real wool is branched and has an uneven structure. Artificial textiles or those with impurities look smoother, and the finest hairs do not stick out. Therefore, synthetic material is not so prickly and softer than natural material.

The label must indicate the composition. If an item is made of expensive material, for example, angora or cashmere, you should ask for a certificate for the item before purchasing.

Proper care

Wash inside out to maintain the shape of the product and prevent pilling. The optimal water temperature is 30 degrees, otherwise the item will shrink.

For washing, use special liquid products or regular shampoo. Children's is suitable for very delicate things.
Any stains should be removed before washing. Most can be removed with alcohol. dish soap, ordinary dirt - with a clothes brush.
Woolen items should not be soaked. The washing process should not take more than 45 minutes from the moment of immersion in water.
You can wash wool textiles a couple of times a year. Stains are removed separately, odors from such clothes quickly evaporate. Just hang it on the balcony.

Drying process: roll the clothes into a tube, place them on a light towel and unfold them. It is necessary to immediately give the correct shape.
The shrunken item should be slightly moistened with water and ironed from the inside out through gauze. During the process, the fabric is stretched to give the desired shape. Read the recommendations: .
The spools cannot be torn off manually; special machines or combs are used for this.
Woolen products are stored folded on a shelf. They will stretch on hangers.

Handwash

Correct actions:

Pour cool water up to 30 degrees into the basin.
Dissolve detergent in it. It should be intended for hand wash, preferably liquid. The packaging contains images of wool balls.
Dip the item into the basin and wait a few seconds until it is saturated with water. Gently move it in different directions several times. Do not rub - this will cause pellets.
When the water changes color, you can pour it out. You can repeat it if necessary, but most often once is enough.
Fill the sink with water at the same temperature as for washing. Rinse the product with gentle movements. Detergent must be removed completely, so they usually rinse twice.
Drain the water and lift the clothes in the lump. Carefully squeeze out some of the water and wrap in a thick towel. It will absorb most of the water.

Various items are made from wool: outerwear and casual clothes, shoes, hats and accessories, furniture upholstery. Woolen clothes can be both business office wear and cozy home wear. At good care the product will last a long time and will not lose its shape and properties.

Wool fabric: it doesn't get any warmer

Dresses, suits, coats, sweaters, sweaters, blankets, rugs, carpets - the list of products for the production of which wool fabric is used goes on. So different in purpose, they are united by one important property - a high degree of thermal protection, which is provided by natural wool fibers.

The earliest finds confirming human breeding of sheep and the use of their wool date back to the Stone Neolithic period - 7th - 3rd centuries BC. They were discovered on the territory of modern Switzerland.

In ancient Mesopotamia, which was located near the Persian Gulf, antique mosaics were found depicting the production of woolen fabrics and their use in everyday life. Archaeologists date them to 4000-3500 BC.

In the Middle Ages, in the villages of south-eastern England, peasants raised sheep and processed their wool. This marked the beginning of the production of the famous English cloth, which became the main export product. The British called it “the most precious product of the kingdom” and sold it to other states. From 1275, taxes on wool exports became the largest source of income for the English crown.

Interesting fact! It was from the Middle Ages, when England was considered the main exporter of wool and woolen materials to Europe, that an original custom emerged: symbolizing the national treasure of the country, the Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords sat on a sack filled with wool. This tradition has not been changed to this day. True, now the bag is filled with wool produced not only in Great Britain, but also in other countries, which is a symbol of their unity.

However, in the 17th-18th centuries, the soft and beautiful wool of merino sheep, which began to be grown in Spain, displaced coarse English cloth on the textile market. And in the twentieth century the discovery synthetic materials led to a sharp decline in the production of pure wool fabrics.

Nowadays, when, fed up with the shine and beauty of synthetics, consumers began to give priority to natural natural materials, wool has again legitimately taken its place among the most sought-after and expensive fabrics.

Sources of wool raw materials

Woolen includes a group of fabrics for the production of which raw materials obtained from various animals are used. The most famous “suppliers” of wool are:

To reduce the cost of some types of wool raw materials, cotton, viscose, acrylic or polyester fibers are added to it. Thanks to this, the fabrics acquire additional strength and become more wear-resistant and durable.

Classification of wool materials

The modern textile industry produces many materials from animal sources. Based on their fibrous composition, they can be divided into two groups:

Pure wool. These include fabrics in which the inclusion of chemical fibers is allowed no more than 10%.
Wool blend. These are fabrics in which up to 80% can be viscose, nylon, acrylic or polyester.

Interesting fact! IN Lately Dacron is increasingly being used as an additive to wool fibers. These synthetic threads increase the material's abrasion resistance and reduce shrinkage and creasing. But at the same time, the introduction of lavsan reduces the level of hygroscopicity and plasticity and increases the rigidity of the finished product, which is not always welcomed by consumers.

Depending on the type of yarn used and the method of processing, woolen fabrics are divided into three important categories:

Worsted. They are made from combed yarn, twisted into a warp or weft. Such fabrics have a smooth surface with a clearly defined weave pattern.
Fine cloth. They are characterized by a fleecy surface, under which the texture of the material is often hidden. The presence of fluff increases the thermal properties of products, but increases their dust holding capacity and ability to become dirty.
Rough cloth. Like the previous ones, they have a soft fleecy and sometimes felt-like surface. But the canvas itself looks heavier, thicker and rougher, since it is made from hardware yarn with the addition of textile waste. The fabrics are distinguished by increased wear resistance, but low ductility and drapability.

There is also a classification of wool and wool blend fabrics according to their intended purpose. According to it, all produced canvases belong to the following types:

Coat coats.
Costumes.
Dress ones.

Coat fabrics are distinguished by high (350-750 g/m2) density, thickness, as well as increased wear resistance and heat-shielding properties. Other types are produced mostly from lint-free fabric. At the same time, materials for sewing suits have a surface density of 200-400 g/m2, and materials for dresses have a surface density of 80-160 g/m2. They are made using various weaves: plain, twill, satin, finely patterned or two-layer.

Properties of wool fabrics

Since woolen fabrics have many sources of raw materials, their properties differ. However, the qualities that unite them are much greater. Let's look at the most basic ones:

An important advantage of woolen fabrics is the rapid dissipation of odors. In addition, most fabrics are resistant to dust absorption and stains.

Interesting fact! Widely known and medicinal properties woolen products. Also in ancient Rus' To get rid of toothache or headache, they tied a woolen scarf or scarf.

Assortment of wool fabrics

There are many pure wool and wool blend fabrics, differing in density, type of weave, processing and other characteristics. Let's take a brief look at the most famous and in demand.

Tale. The material has a small surface soft pile. Most often the fabric is used for sewing pajamas, dressing gowns or light summer coats.
Boucle. Thick, loose tissue with a characteristic knotty surface. One of the few materials that is difficult to cut and sew. Chanel-style suits made from bouclé fabric look very attractive and elegant.
Velours. Woolen fabric with thick pile. It can be plain-dyed and with various patterns formed by pressing hairs on special presses. Elegant dresses and suits, sportswear and furniture covers, car upholstery and curtains - all this can be made from velor.
Gabardine. Dense fabric with a surface with a small diagonal rib. Made with twill weave, it repels water well, and with special treatment it becomes completely waterproof. Therefore, gabardine is used for outerwear: raincoats, jackets and coats, as well as in the production of bags and backpacks.
Jersey. Soft, pleasant to the touch knitted woolen fabric, from which the legendary Coco Chanel loved to sew clothes. Most often, dresses, skirts, elegant women's suits or demi-season coats are made from this fabric.
Drap. Heavy, dense, thick fabric with felted pile. Warm coats for men and women are made from it.
Jacquard. Thanks to the special interweaving of several multi-colored threads, bizarre convex patterns are formed on this fabric. Women's jackets, coats and suits made of jacquard fabric look very unusual and always attract attention.
Crepe. Made from very tightly twisted thread, the fabric has a rough surface to the touch with many small knots. The material is plastic and drapes wonderfully, which allows you to sew dresses, skirts and suits of the most intricate styles from it.
Plush. Bunnies and bears, dogs and other animals made of soft fleecy plush look cozy and delight not only children, but also adults. This fabric is also used in furniture upholstery, making curtains, tablecloths and other products.
Reps. This thin but dense fabric is used to make office suits, trousers, skirts, school uniform. It practically does not wrinkle and has good resistance to abrasion and other mechanical stress.
Tweed. This fabric has been a source of national pride for the Scots for many years. Durable and elastic, it has a small pile on the surface and a fine ribbed weave. The “highlight” of the material is the constant presence of colored threads, unobtrusively woven into the main fabric. Tweed is used to make coats and jackets, suits and vests, trousers and skirts, as well as hats and scarves.
Felt. Non-woven material formed by matting rabbit and goat down. It makes beautiful shoes, elegant hats and caps, women's stoles and capes. Lately it has become very fashionable to make various things from felt. decorative items for interior decoration.
Flannel. Soft wool fabric with double-sided brushing. The most common applications are dressing gowns and pajamas, cozy jackets and sweatshirts, warm tracksuits.
Plaid. The most famous plaid fabric. Soft and cozy, it is successfully used for sewing men's shirts, children's clothing, women's skirts and dresses.

It is important to know! In order to give woolen fabrics greater elasticity and elasticity, 2-5% lycra is added to them - synthetic fiber with amazing stretchability. In the description of such materials there is always the prefix “stretch”, which is worth paying attention to when purchasing a product.

Caring for wool products

Most wool fabrics, especially those with minimal synthetic additives, are very difficult to care for. Before cleaning or washing them, you need to carefully study the manufacturers’ recommendations, which are printed on the tag or label in the form of icons. There are certain rules, adhering to which you can maintain the original appearance products:

It is best to wash woolen items by hand or on the most delicate machine cycle;
You only need to use special liquid products that are intended for wool;
the water temperature should not exceed 30 0 C;
Woolen items should not be rubbed, twisted or wrung out in a machine;
Clothes should be dried in a horizontal position away from heating appliances. It should not be hung in the sun;
Most often, wool products do not need ironing. It is enough to hang them carefully on hangers;
If folds and creases still appear on the clothes, then you should set the iron control to the “wool” position and use the steaming mode.

It is important to know! Some wool fabrics closely resemble other materials. There are wool gauze, crushed wool and wool “flax”. In order not to make a mistake when purchasing and to recognize the fabric correctly, you should conduct a small test: set fire to the fibers pulled out of it. If the thread is really wool, it will burn with a characteristic smell of burnt hair, and in its place you will get a small ball that can be easily rubbed with your fingers.

Despite the abundance of artificial and synthetic materials, woolen products will never go out of fashion and will not lose their relevance. After all, only they can provide the most natural warmth, which will wonderfully warm you on cold days and bring a lot of pleasant sensations.

Wool is one of the oldest types of raw materials for the production of textiles for various purposes, as well as knitted products. Wool fabric is a material obtained by weaving fibers of animal origin, namely the hair of various animals. That is, wool is not only the fibers themselves, but also the material that is obtained from them. Natural wool is very expensive, but is in great demand. The reason for this is the excellent properties of wool. But today, wool blend fabrics with the addition of other fibers, which are somewhat cheaper, have become much more widespread.

Types of raw materials

Wool for fabric production is obtained not only from sheep, as most people believe. Although sheep is certainly the most popular and affordable.

The following types of wool can serve as raw materials for wool textiles.

Sheep(fine wool merino, lambs wool or coarser Shetland and Cheviot) - warm, wear-resistant, durable.
– fiber obtained from Himalayan goats. One of the most expensive types of wool.
camel– elastic and light, usually used in combination with sheep for coat materials. A more expensive version is hand-assembled vicuña (for the production of very expensive costume materials).
Mohair– produced from the hair of Angora goats living in South Africa, the USA, and Turkey. The fabric is very delicate and requires special care.
Angora– fibers produced from the wool of Angora rabbits. The fabric made from them is very soft, pleasant to the touch, and also one of the most expensive.
Alpaca (llama, suri)- llama wool. According to its characteristics, it is much warmer than cashmere or merino, and is used in the production of expensive clothing.

All these varieties have different densities, hairiness, and weights, so they are used to produce wool fabrics of different characteristics and purposes. And, of course, different price categories.

By the way, the price is significantly influenced by admixtures of other fibers, especially synthetic ones, which significantly reduce shrinkage and creasing, extend the life of things, and make them easier to care for. In this case, we are already talking.

Pure wool includes materials that may contain up to 10% other natural or artificial fibers (but not synthetics).

Based on the spinning method, woolen fabrics are divided into three main groups.

Worsted– from semi-fine or semi-coarse twisted yarn. Wool-blend worsted fabrics are the thinnest and most common for making suits.
Fine cloth– from thin machine-produced yarn. The structure of such materials is fleecy, to varying degrees falling away. Wool is obtained from them.
Rough cloth– from coarse hardware yarn. Accordingly, the fabrics turn out to be coarse, thick and dense. They are used for sewing informal jackets and military outerwear.

Naturally, technical characteristics, such as density, softness, thickness, strength, differ significantly for all these varieties.

Wool products perfectly absorb foreign odors. Therefore, the aromas of perfume will last a very long time on them. However, for the same reason, things made from such materials should not be worn by smokers: the persistent “amber” of cigarette smoke will accompany them constantly.

Properties of wool textiles

In each specific case, fabrics made from wool raw materials will differ not only in the method of spinning and the thickness of the threads, but also in the type of weave, density, degree of felting, percentage and type of synthetic or artificial additives.

But in general, if we talk about all woolen fabrics, we can name several properties common to them.

Very low thermal conductivity. That is, maximum thermal protection. It is difficult to find another natural equivalent with such a degree of human heat retention.
Strength and durability. They are responsible for the twisted threads used in weaving.
Hygroscopicity. Wool perfectly allows air to pass through and absorbs vapors from the human body.
Dirt resistance. This natural property natural wool.
Low creasing, for which the special twist of the threads is responsible. By the way, to bring a wrinkled product made from such materials into a neat appearance, it is enough to hang it on hangers for a while in a damp room.

If things still need ironing, it is better to use a steamer instead of an iron. Or iron from the inside out, without pressing too hard - by applying strong pressure to the surface of the fabric, you can “smooth out” its expressive texture irrevocably!

Of course, like any textile, wool has a couple of not entirely attractive characteristics.

Wool absorbs moisture from environment. Walking through the fog in a wool coat, you may find yourself in wet outerwear.
When wet in water (during washing), the material can stretch greatly, which requires special delicacy.
Depending on the fibrous composition, it may cause allergic reactions.
Woolen fabrics, especially those with a large percentage of synthetic impurities, can accumulate static electricity (spark and “electric shock”).

Main types of woolen fabrics, their use

As with most textile materials, wool is the name for the type of fiber, not the fabric itself. Textiles, produced in a large assortment, have many different names. The use of all these types is different. They are used for sewing products for a variety of purposes: from outerwear to bed linen.

Reps- a fairly dense suit material of the appropriate weave.
Gabardine– also a dense, but at the same time light, water-repellent fabric for sewing raincoats and summer coats.
Boucle– with a surface in the form of “nodules”.
Jersey– a type of knitted fabric, suitable for sewing dresses and other clothes.
Velours– fabric with uniform dense pile. Used for making furniture upholstery, sewing jackets, cardigans, and elegant dresses.
Bike– thin fabric with a fleece on one side for sewing demi-season coats or thin blankets.
Cloth- heavy and very dense, rather rough material for sewing outerwear.
Flannel– thin, with double-sided combing. It is used to make warm children's clothing and bed linen.
Tweed– soft. Jackets and demi-season coats are made from it.
Plaid– checkered woolen material used for tailoring women's suits and dresses, men's shirts.
– heavy, dense material of the coat group.
Cashmere- dense, beautiful fabric for the production of outerwear, stoles, jackets, scarves. Very high quality and expensive.
Felt- a material obtained by felting wool. Not only clothes are made from it, but also shoes and soft toys.

How to care for wool products?

It is logical to assume that coats, suits and jackets should not be washed in a machine; it is better to take them to the dry cleaner. Skirts, trousers, dresses can be washed on a delicate cycle without hand-wringing. It is preferable to dry such things by laying them out horizontally. More specific recommendations can be found on clothing labels.

Woolen fabrics are a huge assortment of various textiles that are in constant demand among consumers. The main advantage of such materials is heat preservation. And the main disadvantage is the need for careful care. But these efforts will pay off handsomely with the sensations that woolen products give.

and. sparse and coarse woolen fabric, with bias thread, lined with cloth. Karazey, made from her. Karazeinik m. arch. Karazey sundress
woolen fabric of coarse fabric, sparse texture, in the Russian army was used for sewing soldiers' uniforms

STAMED

coarse woolen fabric
type of woolen fabric, var. stamet
red wool twill fabric
m. woolen, cosonite fabric. Novg. and other red stamedovy sundress or stamednik. Folded weaving mill. Stamedchik, stamed weaver
wool, cosonite fabric

CAMLET

m. gray woolen fabric, b. h. oblique. Kamlotovy., kamlotiy, kamlotchaty, sewn from it, made. Kamlotnik m. arch. woolen, camelot sundress
vintage thick wool fabric
thick wool fabric
thick dark wool or cotton fabric
thick woolen or wool blend fabric from the 19th century
wool, and from the 19th century - cotton fabric, expensive varieties of which were woven from camel or angora wool mixed with silk
vintage rough fabric

OLOSH

(oloshki, olochki) 1), coarse woolen stockings with leather trim and soles; 2), kaligva, pistons made of animal skins with wool inside
oloshki, olochki w. pl. East Sib. coarse woolen stockings with leather trim and soles. A genus of kalig, pistons made of animal skins, with wool inside

CASHMERE

m. thin woolen fabric, similar to Asian shawls. Cashmere, cashmere, made from this fabric
light thin wool fabric
wool fabric
cotton, wool fabric
light thin wool fabric
soft woolen or wool-blend worsted fabric of twill weave, dyed in even colors or printed; originally manufactured in Kashmir, India
fine wool or wool blend fabric

SHALON

a lightweight woolen fabric woven like a double-sided twill with a pattern on both sides in the form of diagonal stripes; name from the city of Chalons-on-Marne in France
m. French a type of woolen fabric; now replaced by others
(obsolete) fine wool twill weave
fine wool twill fabric