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Conclusion: Felt boots are a useful thing. And all thanks to sheep wool

Municipal budgetary general educational institution"Gymnasium" in Chernogorsk

Ecology

What is the secret of felt boots

Minchenkova Maria Valerievna,

3rd grade

Supervisor:

Nemtseva Tatyana Grigorievna,

teacher primary classes

Chernogorsk, 2014

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………3

Main part…………………………………………………………………………………4

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..17

References………………………………………………………....18

Applications……………………………………………………………………………….19

Introduction

Everyone knows that it is important to maintain health from childhood. And wet and frozen feet are often the cause of our illnesses. What can help us with this problem? Comfortable and useful shoes. In felt boots you are not afraid of the most severe frosts. Pure sheep's wool, felted by the warm hands of a master, gives a person strength and good mood. Modern fashionistas still wear felt boots with pleasure. One day, while walking, the children's feet became cold. And our teacher said: “It would be better if you wore felt boots, not boots!!” And then I decided to find out whether felt boots are as good as adults praise them? What is the secret of felt boots?

Object of study: felt boots.

Subject of study : making felt boots.

The purpose of my work : a study of the manufacture and functionality of felt boots.

Research objectives:

    Conduct an analysis of various sources on the research problem.

    Get acquainted with the history of the appearance and production of felt boots.

    Find out whether felt boots are really warm shoes.

    Study the beneficial properties of felted shoes.

    Experimentally find out whether it is possible to make felt boots yourself.

    Introduce your classmates to the results of the study.

I put forward the followinghypothesis: felt boots - warm and useful shoes.

To solve the problems I used, I used the following research methods:

Theoretical (analysis and synthesis of information);

Empirical (experiment, experience);

Practical (survey).

Practical significance my work is to answer the question “What is the secret of felt boots?” and communicating the results of my research to my classmates.


Main part

What are felt boots?

Looking into the “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by M. Vasmer, I read the following explanation: “ Felt boots - close etymology: felt; connected with shaft, fall»

F. Solmsen differentiates the meanings roll and roll.

In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova says that felt boots are soft winter boots made of wool.

In the minds of foreigners, felt boots were until recently considered an unofficial symbol of our country, one of the colorful attributes of the image of a Russian person.

The history of felt boots.

Where did felt boots begin their journey?

The history of felt boots begins in the 4th century BC - it is to this time that archaeologists attribute wool products discovered in Altai during excavations of the Pazyryk mound.

At first, felt boots were produced handicraft; each hut had its own felted “factory.” The felter sat for days in a cramped closet, preparing a “semi-finished product”, mixing soap and soda with wool, adding a weak solution of sulfuric acid. The process of making felt boots was a difficult manual one, but profitable.

According to data from 1901, the most widespread of the handicrafts in the Yaroslavl province was the production of felted shoes and felt boots. The production of felt boots was concentrated mainly beyond the Volga. This trade existed in 17 volosts of the Yaroslavl district and involved 146 families with 533 owners - artisans. In the Yaroslavl region, felt boots from the village of Timokhanovo were in particular demand. Craftsmen secretly kept the secrets of the technology of making felt boots, passing them on by inheritance. In Rus', they immediately conquered markets, bazaars, fairs and the hearts of our frost-resistant ancestors.

One of the first mentions of “felt boots” is in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (XII century). The first Russian shoes made of felt were most likely sewn or tailored and had at least one seam. The first felt boots in the form of a solid boot appeared in the Nizhny Novgorod region at the end of the 19th century. In different regions of Russia, felt boots were called differently: in Nizhny Novgorod - “chesankas”, in Siberia - “pimas”. The name also depended on the wool: felt boots made from goat wool were called “volnushechki” and “tricks,” and those made from sheep’s wool were called “rods.”

Over time, manufactories grew from small handicraft production. Nowadays there are several factories in Russia that produce felt boots. Moreover, in different parts of the country, felt boots are made in their own way: in Vologda - with a high top for deep snowdrifts, in Ivanovo - from coarse wool so that they can be worn longer, in Chuvashia - with long pile so as not to get wet.

TO
Of course, no matter how good factory shoes are, the best are felt boots made by village artisans, who are called - kick rolls.

After conducting research, we found out that in our Republic of Khakassia in In the village of Beya, there is Zoya Korablina’s rolling workshop. For 19 years now, her company has been producing shoes in Khakassia. A few years ago they produced so many felt boots that they had to export them to Abakan for sale. They sold even better than hot cakes. Bey Pimas became a kind of brand and people associated them with warmth, reliability, convenience and a special shape. And in Ust-Abakan there is a leather and fur company “Laska”, where they also make shoes similar to felt boots - burkas.

Thus, we can conclude that the wool industry has penetrated into the open spaces Ancient Rus' thanks to the neighborhood and constant contacts with the Turkic peoples. And in a country with such a harsh climate as Russia, felted production and the production of felt boots began to spread rapidly. Nowadays, this profession is in great demand, it has not lost its popularity. Rolling felt boots may be a labor-intensive task, but it is in demand and profitable.

Over these two hundred years, felt boots have become part of national history and culture, a museum exhibit, a hero of folklore and songs (see appendix).

In Russia there are two museums dedicated to Russian felt boots. “Keep your head cold and your feet warm,” says a Russian proverb. Now it has become clear that it was composed in the city of Myshkin, Yaroslavl region, where the “Russian Valenok” museum is opened, and a festival with this name is held annually there. The museum has, for example, felt boots for a disco and felt boots for a wedding. In Moscow, in 2nd Kozhevnichesky Lane (near Paveletsky Station), the Russian Valenok Museum is also open. One hall housed about 200 exhibits. Among them are officer’s felt boots with leather soles, popular among the command staff of the Red Army and the police in the 20-30s, felt boots from the times of the Great Patriotic War, including those belonging to Karelian partisans, with a special hook for skis. You can also see felt boots in the shape of a samovar, a teapot, a steam locomotive, or an airplane.

Questionnaire

At the beginning of my research, I wondered what my classmates knew about felt boots. To do this, I conducted a survey among students in my class at our gymnasium.

Purpose of the survey: identify the level of students’ awareness of the research topic, search for new information.

I developed questions that my classmates were asked to answer:

    Did you know that there are such shoes - felt boots? Do you have felt boots? Do you agree, do you want to change your leather boots to felt boots? Did you know that felt boots are good for health? Do you know how felt boots are made? Why were felt boots called felt boots?


Conclusion: From the diagram we see that 100% of respondents know about the existence of such shoes as felt boots and 50% have such shoes, and 60% agree to exchange their boots for felt boots during frosts, but few know about the production and beneficial properties fallen shoes.

Experiment 1. “Are felt boots really warm shoes?”

At the first stage of my experiment, I decided to find out whether felt boots are really warmer than leather boots.

To conduct this experiment, I put a boot on one foot and a felt boot on the other foot and went outside, where the air temperature was -18 0 C. The purpose of this trip outside was to find out: which foot would freeze faster: in a boot or in a felt boot? After being outside for a little while, I felt that my foot in the boot was starting to freeze, and by the 24th minute of being outside, my foot in the boot was completely frozen, but the one in the felt boot was not frozen at all.



Conclusion: Felt boots are actually warmer in winter than boots.

I was wondering why it’s warmer in felt boots? What are they made of?

To answer this question, I went to Ust-Abakan to the Laska leather and fur company, where they explained to me in detail why felt boots are warmer. The thing is that they are made of felt. Felt – V translated from the Turkic language means a blanket. It's tightfelted material. It is usually made in the form of panels that have different thicknesses, depending on the purpose. The only one natural material, from which felt can be made, is wool, and sheep's wool is best. Wool fibers have a top scaly layer -. Thanks to it, the fibers can adhere to each other under the influence of hotAnd. The principle of felting is based on this.

Thanks to this material, air easily passes between the wool fibers and circulates. This allows our feet to breathe. Felt boots absorb moisture like a sponge, leaving your feet dry and warm. Then, in the sun or warmth, they will evaporate the moisture. They are not cold in winter and not hot in summer. This is due to the fact that the walls of felt boots are porous; they do not allow cold and heat to pass through. This effect can be compared to the walls of houses, where air cushions (thermal insulation) are specially made so that they better protect the house from the cold.

The earliest evidence of the use of felt dates back to 3 - 2.5 thousand years BC (the region of modern Turkey) and associates this with the development of sheep farming, which is the main source of wool, although camel and goat hair were also used to make felt in ancient times. The development of fine-fleece merino sheep farming in Spain in the Middle Ages is considered to be a milestone in the evolution of felt, which made felt fibers thinner and the resulting material more aesthetically pleasing in appearance and soft.

The nomads of Mongolia and the Altai Mountains also engaged in felting wool, receiving excellent warm and durable material for their yurts, shoes and clothes as a result of extremely simple manual operations. Sheep wool, often with the addition of goat and camel wool, was laid out in an even layer and, knocked down with rods and soaked hot water or whey, “rolled” performing manipulations similar to kneading dough. Different peoples actually felted wool in their own way, but their essence was one thing - to mix small fibers of wool, which, thanks to their scaly structure, formed strong bonds with each other.

Conclusion: The secret of the warmth of felt boots is 100% sheep wool and the caring hands of craftsmen.


Experiment No. 2. “Is it possible to make felt boots yourself?” At the Leather and Fur Company "Laska" they not only told me why felt boots are warm, but also showed me how felt boots are produced. This process seemed to me quite labor-intensive and difficult. In fact, the birth of felt boots begins when curly sheep wander through the meadows and grow a warm fur coat on their sides. They are then sheared and the felted wool is turned into winter boots.

After the sheep is shorn, the wool is taken to a primary processing factory, where it is washed, washed, sorted by color (white, gray, dark) and packed into bales of 200 kilograms.

Then it is kept for a day and only the next day it is sent to carding machines, where the wool is combed for a long time with special needles, much like we comb our hair. As a result, a thin cobweb is obtained from the tangled wool mass.

Then manual labor begins: the craftswoman determines by eye how much wool needs to be combed for a felt boot of one size or another.

Next, the semi-finished product is sent to two pressing plates, the lower of which is heated to one hundred degrees. The plates move progressively relative to each other, shedding the wool into a long, soft sheet. This canvas in itself can represent the finished product: rugs from felted wool For example, cat and dog owners are willing to buy it as bedding for their pets.

And the canvas, which is intended to be felt boots, moves along the technological chain to the next workshop. Here the head of the felt boot is shaped by hand with the fingers of a craftsman.

It is then compacted again onto the slabs and stretched to the desired size - an operation called pre-stretching.

Here comes the control phase. The inspector inspects and feels each felt boot manually, making sure that the product is even in thickness and has no seals.

Then, still soft and clumsy, the felt boots arrive at the rolling shop. First roll: hot water is turned on, and the felt boots rotate for twenty minutes in round drums. Then they are taken out, stretched again, and the felling is repeated. For each type of windrow, the water has a certain temperature. If the technology is violated, the result is a defect.

The future felt boots arrive at the felting shop somewhat long, with a high top. And after felling, the workpiece becomes very hard. Therefore, it is put on a metal nozzle (block), immersed in a tank and doused with steam. Now by appearance This is a real felt boot, only wet. It is dried at a temperature of one hundred degrees for six hours. All that remains is to clean it - to remove dust from its pile. So our felt boots are ready.

You just need to determine its size using special sizes, and then choose a pair based on size and height. This will be done by the picker on a special table littered with brand new felt boots. After all, as we already know, felt boots are not sewn according to patterns, but are shaped by hand and then, according to the laws of nature, the wool is compacted. Therefore, each felt boot is unique in its own way. He may turn out to be a little fuller, a little snub-nosed, a little taller than the others.

P
In front of the picker lies a whole pile of such “singles”, and its task is to make ideal pairs out of them. It is not difficult to make both felt boots the same height - the tops of their boots are cut on a special machine. Then the felt boots are cleaned so that they are not shaggy, measured along the inner length of the foot - the exact size is determined and marked.

The couple is ready. It may go to the warehouse, or it may go to the finishing shop, where it will be decorated with fur, braid or embroidery. This is usually done with small, child-sized felt boots. And the felt boots can be sent to a workshop where a rubber sole will be welded to it using hot vulcanization. But still, ordinary felt boots are in greatest demand among buyers. After all, you can walk in it anyway, if it’s dry and frosty outside, but you can also wear galoshes.

For one pair of felt boots big size it takes about two and a half kilograms of wool - that’s why felt boots can easily withstand sub-zero temperatures even in the Far North.

To turn a tuft of wool into a pair of original Russian shoes requires five days of hard work and forty-five technological transitions. Workers from twenty specialties are working on its creation so that we can warm ourselves up in the winter cold with natural, environmentally friendly woolen felt boots.

Scheme 1. Production of felt boots

This whole process fascinated me, and I decided to try making felt boots at home. For this I needed felt manual labor, a small piece of flexible waterproof material, soap solution, oilcloth for work, felting cloth, spray bottle, scissors. I decided to make mini felt boots.

The process of making felt boots:

    First, I cut out a template for future felt boots from a piece of construction insulation.


    She spread an oilcloth on the table. By stretching, I laid out the first layer of the template, placing all the strands in one direction, slightly going beyond the edge of the template.

3. The second layer was laid perpendicular to the first. I made sure that there were no “holes” or gaps, that the layers were not too thin, but not too thick.

4. Then I laid the third layer, placing the strips of wool at an angle of 45 degrees.
5. The fourth layer - I secured the previous third layer with very thin transparent hairs. Can be laid out in different directions.


6. Moistened the workpiece with soapy water. Covered the top with a napkin and... She pressed it from above with her hands several times.

7. I took off the napkin, turned the template over and laid out the wool on the other side.


    She moistened it with soapy water and covered it with a napkin. She pressed it on top several times with her palms.

    Started felting. I moistened the template with soapy water, covered it with a napkin and began to rub. Left for about 15-20 minutes.


    I cut the workpiece into two equal parts.



    I deleted the template. I rinsed our mini felt boots in clean water and left them to dry.

Hooray! I succeeded!


Conclusion: Yes, it is possible to make felt boots yourself, but making large, real felt boots will take more time, effort and materials.

What is the use of felt boots?

M My grandmother very often wears felt boots in the cold season. I was curious why? After all, they have long gone out of fashion; boots are another matter. I once asked my grandmother: “Why do you choose felt boots and not boots?”

She answered me: “Because sheep’s wool has medicinal properties. It is sheared exclusively from living sheep. Such wool is literally “impregnated” with the healing energy of the sun.”

Medicine confirms the enormous beneficial effect of felt boots on human health:

    sheep wool is able to absorb and evaporate moisture, accumulate heat and, thus, helps with colds, diseases of muscles and joints;

    wool is rich in lanolin, which brings relief from rheumatism, radiculitis and other diseases of muscles and joints, as well as accelerating the healing of wounds and fractures.

    felt boots are very useful for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, because the foot in such shoes does not become deformed; moreover, felted shoes allows air to pass through, which prevents the development of fungal diseases;

    felt boots can relieve nervous tension, a feeling of fatigue and heaviness in the legs, and back pain;

    Wearing felt boots on bare feet helps improve blood circulation.

N The royals also neglected felt boots. It is known that Peter I counted felt boots effective means in the treatment of radiculitis and hangover. In winter, after a bath and swimming in an ice hole, he demanded burning cabbage soup and felt boots. It was during his reign that piping production in Russia became widespread. Catherine the Great had her first pimas, which she wore under a crinoline dress on her sore legs. Soft combs made of fine black wool were specially invented for her. And the Russian Empress Anna Ioanovna allowed court ladies to wear felt boots with their formal dress.

The merit of felt boots in wartime is invaluable. In winter, our soldiers were dressed only in felt boots. They say that the shortage of felt products was due to the defeat in the Finnish war. But we defeated Napoleon and Hitler thanks to a sufficient amount of warm shoes. For a soldier going to serve, there was nothing more expensive than felt boots: warm and durable shoes not only protected from the cold, but could also protect his feet from small fragments in battle.

Valenki are the main workwear for gas workers, oil workers, and railway workers. The demand for felt boots is also reviving in the central region - Moscow, St. Petersburg, and in tourist centers. Felt boots are indispensable for winter outdoor recreation. Nowadays, factories receive large orders from the army, border guards, and police.

Previously, felt boots were very expensive, and only wealthy people could afford such a luxury. A peasant family was considered prosperous if all its members wore felt boots, while in other houses it was good if there was one pair for everyone. Felt boots were an expensive gift; they were passed on from generation to generation.

Conclusion: Felt boots are a useful thing. And all thanks to sheep wool. It not only reliably warms, but also heals and protects your feet from injury.

Interesting Facts

    Two giant felt boots are vying for a place in the Guinness Book of Records. One, size 120, height 157 cm and weight 7.5 kg, was made in the village of Kubenskoye near Vologda. Another, even larger one, was dumped in Semipalatinsk. Its height is 178 cm, weight is 16.5 kg, and the size is just right for Gulliver - 146!

    There are felt felt museums in Moscow and in the city of Myshkin. And in 2001, a felt boots festival was held in Myshkin.

    Felt boots throwing championships have been held in Pyatigorsk and Syktyvkar for several years now. As the participants say, the main thing in felt throwing is not the strength of the throw, but the accuracy of the aim, because the felt boots, due to their specific properties, are often capricious and do not fly along a given trajectory. We ourselves experienced this when we held relay races with felt boots at the Russian Valenki Festival.

    At one time, huge felt boots were made as a special order for Oleg Popov - the clown jumped into them during a trick.

    Now the felt boots of the athletes who participated in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City have already gone down in history and are museum exhibits. The Russian team was patriotically shod in felt boots and galoshes.

    Wire rods are felted not only from sheep's wool, but also from goat, camel and even dog wool;

    In Irkutsk, the “Golden Valenok” journalistic prize is awarded annually for the most exceptional blunders;

    The monument to felt boots is planned to be installed in Ulan-Ude (its height will be 3 meters).

Conclusion

As a result of studying various literature, Internet sources, the results of a survey of gymnasium students, experiments conducted, and meetings with felt boot manufacturers, I made the following conclusions.

Valenki are comfortable and healthy footwear. In felt boots you are not afraid of the most severe frosts. Pure sheep's wool, felted by the warm hands of a master, gives a person strength and peace of mind. This unique shoe - without a beginning, without an end, without a seam, without a scar - was held in high esteem in Rus' by every rank and class. The felter was a master revered in Rus' in the old days, and the roots of his skill go back centuries. Today, felt boots are regaining the love of city residents, and for designers and fashion designers they are a relevant object of creativity.

Thus, my hypothesis was completely confirmed; felt boots are indeed warm and useful shoes.

Valenki are a symbol of genuine Russia with its broad soul and endless expanses. There is nothing more primordially Russian than felt boots.

Preserving their production means preserving Russian culture.

Sources and literature used

    E. Moreva. Felt boots - felt boots.// Marusya. - 2009 .- No. 1.- pp. 8-9 S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova Dictionary Russian language. – M.: Azbukovnik, 1999.-994 pp.

    N. Orlova, K. Borovik. I explore the world: History of things: Encyclopedia. M.: LLC “Publishing House AST”, 1998.-512 p.

    I explore the world: History: Encycl./Auth. - comp. Chudakova N.V., Gromov A.V. – M.: AST Publishing House LLC, 2004. – 506 p.

    http://www.mirvalenok.ru/posts/istoriya-valenok

    http://testan.rusgor.ru/moscow/museum/valenok.htm

  1. http://valenki-4u.ru/pesnya-valenki/

    http://www.valenok. ru. history.shtml http://www.vikepediya.ru

Annex 1.

Felt boots in folklore.

Valenki are part of Russian history and culture, a hero of folklore and songs. Everyone’s favorite folk song “Valenki” performed by Lidia Andreevna Ruslanova is widely known even outside of Russia. Nowadays, even every child knows the words of this song: “Felt boots, yes felt boots. Oh, they’re not hemmed, old ones.....” This beautiful song from her in simple words, but many singers of our pop music now perform deep meaning, but it is by no means bad, and we listen to this song with pleasure, and our feet ask to dance.

Song "Valenki"

Felt boots and felt boots,Oh, they’re not hemmed, old people.You can't wear felt boots,There is nothing to wear to see the little one.
Chorus:Felt boots, felt boots,Eh, not hemmed, old ones.
Oh, Kolya - Kolya-Nikolai,Stay at home, don't go out.Don't go to that endOh, don't wear rings on girls.
Chorus:Felt boots, felt boots,Eh, not hemmed, old ones.
How to wear giftsIt’s better to hem the felt boots.
Chorus:Felt boots, felt boots,Eh, not hemmed, old ones.
Judge people, judge GodHow I loved:Barefoot in the coldI went to see my sweetheart.
Chorus:Felt boots, felt boots,Eh, not hemmed, old ones
Puzzles:
Not shoes, not boots,
But they are also worn by legs.
We run in them in winter
In the morning - to school,
In the afternoon - home.

An adult knows
Even a little one knows.
So as not to get sick in winter
Put on………..

Proverbs:From a wise man in wool to a fool in felt boots.
Prepare your sleigh and felt boots in the summer.
Simple as a Siberian felt boot.
Whoever got up first put on his felt boots.Ditties:

Sitting on the rubble
Grandfather hemmed felt boots.
Grandma approached him
Grandfather gave up everything.
There are two flowers on the windowBlue and scarletI'll take it and trade itBoots with felt boots.
I'll sing dittiesAbout Pima and felt bootsThe accordionist will play along with meSitting by the rubble.
And my darling gave it to mePima - scooters,Every evening I spentHe took me to the hut.
Hey, who's coming to us?Walks wideHe put on red felt boots,Imagining something.
We don't know how it is with youAnd at our dacha,People walk around in felt bootsAnd no other way!I'll paint my eyesI'll line my lips brightly,I'm wearing new felt bootsI'll go on a date.
The sparkle in the eyes sparklesTo know is young at heart!I walk in felt boots in winterThey haven't hired me for years.
The accordion plays wellIt tears my soul apart,I'll buy felt bootsI will forget all the misfortunes.
I will dance in felt bootsIt's very simpleI'll go for a walk, girls.Up to ninety years old.

The relevance of making shoes from wool is primarily due to the fact that this type of footwear is traditionally considered the warmest and most comfortable in the Russian winter. The manufacturing process does not require large expenses, and the products are sold at high speed and at high prices. The bright design and exclusivity of felt boots make them even more attractive to consumers. In the summer, sales of slippers, bags, car mats, souvenirs and other felt products are good.

Currently, continuous production of felt boots and handmade felted shoes.

Product varieties

  • children's and adults (by size);
  • grey, white, black, colored (felt type);
  • decorated (exclusive, designer);
  • souvenir and decorative;
  • for fishermen, for a summer residence;
  • on the sole, burqas.

In addition to felt boots, the following types of felt products can be produced: bags, slippers, rugs, vests, medical belts, insoles and much more.

Sales market Wholesale and Retail:

  • individuals;
  • shoe stores;
  • online stores;
  • Russian army.

Business organization

Raw materials sheep wool (coarse and semi-coarse) is used for the production of felted shoes. In some cases, manufacturers use other types of wool. Felt boots are decorated with embroidery, beads, and fur. Often, in order to increase the range, rubber or rubber soles are used.

Necessary equipment for the production of felt boots

Accuracy: 0.5 g to 5 kg
Cost: 8500 rub.

Capacity: 5 kg/h
Cost: 80,000 rub.

Steam output: 90g/min
Cost: 23,900 rub.

Capacity: 8 kg/h
Cost: 90,000 rub.

Lasts without shaft *

Cost: 4500 rub. (set, sizes 35-46)

Rolling pin MA 9001, ruble, ruffled

Total cost: 2450 rub.

* Wooden blocks with a boot are made to order, their cost is about 4,000 rubles.

A separate business option could be for craftswomen to decorate ready-made pairs of shoes purchased wholesale from factories. This is a simple process that takes little time. The cost of a decorated felt boot increases by 3-8 thousand rubles.

Feasibility study of the project

Capital expenditures

  • Equipment - RUB 194,000.
  • Optional equipment— 15,000 rub.
  • Delivery and installation - 29,000 rubles.
  • Preparing the premises - not required
  • Inventory for 2 months - 14,000 rubles.
  • Business registration and other expenses - RUB 100,000.

Total initial costs for the production of felt boots: 352 000 rubles

Revenue calculation

* Business profitability is indicated according to the expert opinion of the author of the article.

Irina Arkhipova
Abstract of the research work “What is the secret of felt boots”

Relevant t: Valenki- this is the most suitable shoes for our winter. They are warm and cozy. I asked how they do it felt boots and from what? Mom replied that felt boots felted from sheep's wool, but it is very hard work. Now they are made in factories, but before they were lying around at home.

I was wondering if I could make it myself felt boots.

An object - felt boots.

Subject - manufacturing felt boots.

Goal – Find out why felt boots heat and whether they can be made at home.

Hypothesis:

I suggested that if I find out how and what they make felt boots, then I can make them myself, I can understand and prove why they are warm. To do this I need to find out what they are made of felt boots, and why do they keep your feet warm?

Tasks research:

1. find out what they are made of felt boots;

2. learn how to felt felt boots;

3. do felt boots at home.

4. prove that felt boots are useful and comfortable shoes, especially for residents of our Northern Republic.

Methods research:

1. Informational (studying children's educational literature, interviewing adults, watching videos)

2. Experimentation.

3. Observation.

4. Analysis.

Novelty research:

I was very interested in how I could make felt boots and what can I make it from?

2. Theoretical part

Felt boots- this is an old one winter shoes. Therefore, we decided to turn to adults for help, working in kindergarten.We asked them a question: What's happened felt boots? Why do children wear felt boots? What do they know about felt boots? Felt boots- warm felt boots made of felted sheep wool; Most often they are made hard, but they can also be soft, suitable for other shoes. From the adults' responses I learned that felt boots made from sheep's wool, feet shod in felt boots feel comfortable, warm and dry, and this is very pleasant. Valenki have their own history. Russian people wear felt boots for several centuries. During the Great Patriotic War felt boots protected Russian soldiers from frost. For a soldier going to serve, nothing is more expensive at all felt boots there wasn’t - warm and durable shoes not only protected from the cold, but also in battle could protect the feet from small fragments. And now felt boots are part of special clothing for people who workin our northern republic: oil workers, gas workers, railway workers and soldiers. Also during the conversations, I learned that felt boots, like the Russian nesting doll, is a national attribute of Russia.

3. Practical part

1. Experience "Warm or Cold"

To conduct this experiment, I took a boot and felt boots, put a toy in each of them and sent it to the freezer to find out which toy would freeze faster. After a while we took the shoes out of the freezer and took out the toys. Having put both toys to my cheeks, I felt that one toy, which was lying in the boot, became cold, and the one that was in felt boots remained warm.

We have proven that felt boots retains heat and therefore the foot does not freeze.

2. Experience “Why doesn’t a piece of ice melt?”

We put two ice lumps - one on a saucer, the other wrapped in paper napkin, lowered into felt boots. After some time, we noticed that the snow on the saucer began to melt, became small and gray, and no felt boots. So what, maybe felt boots don't warm at all, but is it cold? Why do we wear it in cold weather? felt boots, and our feet are warm and not cold? It's simple felt boots did not allow room heat to reach the ice. And from this ice flakes felt boots were cold. That's why she didn't melt.

3. Study of wool

When examining the wool under a microscope, I realized that the wool is not smooth, but has scales that cling tightly to each other - this is the process of felting.

4. Create your own felt boots.

For this we first:

Cut out the template.

Cover the template with a layer of wool in one direction, slightly extending beyond the edge of the template.

We moistened the first layer of wool with soapy water and turned the template over to the other side.

We did the same.

And so we repeated until we got a dense layer.

Then we started felting. We moistened the template with soapy water, put it in a plastic bag and began to crush it and press it with a kitchen rolling pin. We removed excess foam and water. Then the workpiece was cut into two equal parts, the template was removed and the pedal mold was removed.

Conclusion.

Practical significance research:

I will know why in felt boots It’s warm and I will only recommend wearing it in winter felt boots.

Conclusion about the results obtained research:

As a result of its work I learned useful properties felt boots, learned that they are made from wool, the method of their manufacture. My hypothesis was partially confirmed; you can make it at home felt boots, but with the help of an adult, but real felt boots can only be made by a true master

Publications on the topic:

Topic of the lesson: “How are they similar and how are they different?” Tasks: - Continue to teach children to name and recognize geometric figures, compare, find.

Final organized educational activity for senior preschool age. Entertainment “That’s the secret of health!” Entertainment on the topic: “That’s the secret of health!” Educational area: “Health”, “Communication” Section: Physical education, Valeology,.

Summary of direct educational activities on artistic and aesthetic development “What and with what you can draw” Educational field: artistic and aesthetic development; Type of activity: directly educational Age group: preparatory.

Summary of educational activities for developing a culture of communication “The Secret of Magic Words” Bondarenko Oksana Summary of educational activities for developing a culture of communication. “The Secret of Magic Words” Purpose To reveal to children the meaning of some etiquette formulas.

Summary of search and research work in the preparatory group “Getting to know the magnet” Abstract of search and research work in preparatory group“Acquaintance with a magnet” Purpose: To expand children’s understanding of a magnet.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Krasnoslobodskaya secondary school No. 1" of the Krasnoslobodsky municipal district

Performed:

Semunina Daria

2nd grade student

Head: Fomina

Elena Alexandrovna

Krasnoslobodsk – 2016

Introduction

Everyone knows that it is important to maintain health from childhood. And wet and frozen feet are often the cause of our illnesses. What can help us with this problem? Comfortable and useful shoes.

Once upon a time when we were very coldy, my mother told me to wear felt boots to school. She said that even the most severe frosts are not scary in felt boots. Because felt boots are made from pure sheep wool. These are not only the warmest shoes, but also useful. And then I decided to find out whether felt boots are as good as adults praise them?

Purpose of my research : study the role felt boots play in a person’s life.

Research objectives:

    Conduct an analysis of various sources on the research problem.

    Get acquainted with the history of the appearance and production of felt boots.

    Find out whether felt boots are really warm shoes.

    Study the beneficial properties of felted shoes.

    Experimentally find out whether it is possible to make felt boots yourself.

    Introduce your classmates to the results of the study.

Object of study: felt boots.

Subject of study : making felt boots.

I put forward the followinghypothesis : felt boots - warm and useful shoes.

To solve the problems I used, I used following research methods:

Theoretical (analysis and synthesis of information);

Empirical (experiment, experience);

Practical (survey, observation).

Main part

1.What are felt boots?

I went to the library, looking at S.I.’s dictionary. Ozhegova, I learned that “felt boots are soft winter boots made of wool" .

2. History of felt boots.

I found out on the Internet that the steppe nomadic people were the first to come up with the idea of ​​rolling animal hair and making shoes out of it. From nomads this type of footwear spread to Rus'. Initially, felt boots, or pima in Siberian, were short, and their tops were made of cloth.The birthplace of real felt boots is considered to be the city of Myshkin, Yaroslavl province, whose craftsmen in the 18th century were the first to felt felt boots entirely, with the boot top. In different regions of Russia, felt boots were called differently: in Nizhny Novgorod - “chesanka” and “katanka”, in the Tambov and Tver regions - “felt boots”, in Siberia - “pima”.

The advantage of felt boots is that they are made without a single seam, therefore they are soft, comfortable, and do not rub the foot. These shoes have only one drawback, but a rather serious one: they are very afraid of dampness, therefore, at first they put leather and later rubber galoshes on the soles.

3. The role of felt boots in the Great Patriotic War.

N The merit of felt boots in wartime is invaluable. In winter, our soldiers were dressed only in felt boots. For a soldier going to serve, there was nothing more expensive than felt boots: warm and durable shoes not only protected from the cold, but could also protect his feet from small fragments in battle.

4. The effect of felt boots on health

Our nurse Yulia Nikolaevna told me about the benefits of felt boots.

She said that doctors confirm the invaluable influence of felt boots on health person:

    sheep wool is able to absorb and evaporate moisture, retain heat and thus helps with colds, diseases of muscles and joints;

    wool is rich in lanolin, which brings relief from rheumatism, radiculitis and other diseases of muscles and joints, as well as accelerating the healing of wounds and fractures.

    felt boots are very useful for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, because the foot in such shoes does not deform, in addition, felt shoes allow air to pass through, which prevents the development of fungal diseases;

    felt boots can relieve nervous tension, a feeling of fatigue and heaviness in the legs, and back pain;

    Wearing felt boots on bare feet helps improve blood circulation.

5. Are felt boots really warm shoes?

I decided to find out whether felt boots are really warmer than leather boots.

D To conduct this experiment, I put a boot on one foot and a felt boot on the other foot and went outside, where the air temperature was -1 8 0 WITH.

The purpose of such a trip outside was to find out: which foot will freeze faster: in a boot or in a felt boot? After being outside for a little while, I felt that my foot in the boot was starting to freeze, and within 20 minutes of being outside, my foot in the boot was completely frozen, but the one in the felt boot was not frozen at all.

Conclusion: Felt boots are actually warmer in winter than boots.

6. Technology for making felt boots

I became interested in how felt boots are made. Mom said that in the village of Zheltonogovo many people make felt boots for sale. And she has a friend who does this. We went to my aunt'sMasha.

She said that sheep wool is needed to make felt boots.

They take a certain amount of finished wool and divide it into two equal parts - for one leg and for the other. They are then weighed to ensure they are equal.Then the wool is laid out according to the pattern for the first leg.

Then I lay it out for the second leg and compare it with the first.

Take turns squeezing the fur of each leg to make it easier to work with.They take the wool and tie it onto the pattern. Then the wool is matted on a homemade loom. Take the workpiece and keep it in hot water.

Squeeze out and lay out on the felting table. They top it up with the help of tools. Rinse felted felt boots in water. The pads are clogged.

Set to dry.

Making felt boots is a labor-intensive process, it requires patience and physical strength, but the result justifies the means.

7.Is it possible to make felt boots yourself?

I wanted to make felt boots myself. For this I need: wool, soap solution, scissors, a piece of building insulation, a napkin and oilcloth.

First, I cut out a template for future felt boots from a piece of construction insulation. She spread an oilcloth on the table. She placed the template on it and began to lay out the first layer of wool, placing all the strands in one direction, slightly going beyond the edge of the template.


Then she began to lay the second layer of wool in the opposite direction. PThen she moistened the wool with soapy water and covered it with a napkin. She pressed it on top several times with her palms.

I turned the wool over along with the template and folded in the protruding edges. On the other side, we also begin to lay two layers of wool, one layer across, the other along.


N I covered it with a napkin and pressed it down with my hands several times. I repeated everything as with the first layers. Started felting. I moistened the template with soapy water, covered it with a napkin and began to rub. Left for about 15-20 minutes.


I cut the workpiece into two equal parts.She put felt boots on her fingers and continuedwallow.


I rinsed the template in clean water, removed excess moisture with a towel and left to dry. Hooray! I succeeded!

Yes, it is possible to make felt boots yourself, but making large, real felt boots will take more time, effort and materials.

8.Questionnaire

While conducting research, I learned a lot about felt boots; I became interested in what my classmates knew about these shoes. To do this, I conducted a survey among students in my class.

M Noah developed questions that her classmates were asked to answer:

1) Do you have felt boots?

2) Do you consider felt boots to be the warmest shoes?

3) Do you know that felt boots are good for health?

4) Do you know how felt boots are made?

5) Why were felt boots called felt boots?

Conclusion: From the diagram we see that 100% of respondents know about the existence of such shoes as felt boots and 50% have such shoes, and 60% agree to change their boots to felt boots during frosts, but few people know about the production and beneficial properties of felt shoes.

Conclusion

As a result of studying various literature, Internet sources, survey results, experiments conducted, and meetings with felt boot manufacturers, I made the following conclusions.

Valenki are comfortable and healthy footwear. In felt boots you are not afraid of the most severe frosts. Pure sheep's wool, felted by the warm hands of a master, gives a person strength and peace of mind.

Thus, my hypothesis was completely confirmed; felt boots are indeed warm and useful shoes.

Valenki are a symbol of genuine Russia with its broad soul and endless expanses.There is nothing more primordially Russian than felt boots.

Preserving their production means preserving Russian culture.

Sources and literature used

    E. Moreva. Felt boots - felt boots.// Marusya. - 2009 .- No. 1.- pp. 8-9

    S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M.: Azbukovnik, 1999.-994 pp.

    N. Orlova, K. Borovik. I explore the world: History of things: Encyclopedia. M.: LLC “Publishing House AST”, 1998.-512 p.

    I explore the world: History: Encycl./Auth. - comp. Chudakova N.V., Gromov A.V. – M.: AST Publishing House LLC, 2004. – 506 p.

    http://www.mirvalenok.ru/posts/istoriya-valenok

    http://testan.rusgor.ru/moscow/museum/valenok.htm

    http://valenki-4u.ru/pesnya-valenki/

    http://www.valenok. ru. history.shtml

Fomichev Egor

Research"How is a felt boot born?" performed by student Egor Fomichev, under the guidance of primary school teacher Ermakova Tatyana Vladimirovna.

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Municipal government educational institution

"Novoyarkovsk secondary school"

Kamensky district

Topic: “How is a felt boot born?”

Nomination: “Technology”

Novoyarki 2013

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………

..........................

1.1. The history of felt boots………..……...…
  1. How felt boots were treated in the past.………………
  1. How do they treat felt boots these days…………………………….

1.4. About the benefits of felt boots

Chapter II. …………………………

2.1. How to make felt boots......................................

2.2. Making felt boots at home

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..

Bibliography…………………………………………………………

Introduction

Felt boots, felt boots...oh, the old ones are not hemmed...

In a region with such a harsh climate as Siberia, it is impossible to live without warm clothes and shoes. As they say, without a fur coat and felt boots and winter without end! In felt boots you are not afraid of the most severe frosts. This unique shoe - without beginning, without end, without seam, without scar - was held in high esteem in Rus' by every rank and class, even by crowned heads.

I became interested in finding out how an ordinary piece of wool turns into felt boots and whether it is possible to make felt boots at home.

The purpose of my research:

Find out how felt boots are born.

Tasks:

1. Find out when and where the first felt boots appeared.

2. Assess the attitude of our school students towards felt boots.

3. Study the process of making felt boots.

4. Make felt boots at home.

Object my research are felt boots.

Item research – wool felting technology.

Hypothesis: I suggested that after studying the process of felting felt boots and learning all the secrets of felting masters, even a junior school student can make decorative felt boots at home.

Chapter I. Where and when did the first felt boots appear?

1.1.History of the appearance of felt boots

The history of the creation of felt boots began approximately 1500 years ago, the prototype of which were boots made of felt. They were mainly worn by the nomads of the Great Steppe and Southern Rus'. Some sources believe that felt boots began to appear at the beginning of the 18th century. Felt boots were widely used only at the beginning of the 19th century, when they began to be made for industrial purposes. Until this time, only wealthy people could afford them; they were quite expensive.

Since the middle of the 18th century, the Yaroslavl province has been considered the center of the fulling trade; subsequently, local sheep breeding was increased. Wool for the production of felt boots, from the Romanov breed of sheep, is the best raw material, it is characterized by increased “felling ability”. In the Yaroslavl province in 1904, the largest factory at that time for the production of felt boots was founded

Felt boots have become such a part of our lives that it seems they have existed from time immemorial. However, the widespread idea of ​​the antiquity of felt boots is erroneous. In fact, neither under Peter I, nor even more so under Dmitry Donskoy, there were felted shoes. The first felt boots, according to costume historians, appeared in the Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province only at the very end of the 18th century (although residents of the Yaroslavl province and the ancient town of Myshkin defend their patent for their invention). Earlier information about the existence of felt boots cannot be traced either from ethnographic data or from historical documents.

But the material from which felt boots are made has been known since the 4th century BC - it is to this time that archaeologists attribute the wool products discovered in Altai during excavations of the Pazyryk mound.

The most ancient products made from felted sheep wool are carpets and saddle cloths. This method of processing wool was well known to the nomadic tribes of the Eurasian steppes, as well as to the mountain pastoralists of Tibet, the Pamirs, the Caucasus and the Carpathians. Felted felt was used to sew warm and reliable coverings for the home - felt mats; they made felt pillows, sleeping mats, shoe insoles and stocking inserts for leather boots. Thus, it is possible that wool-making penetrated into the vastness of Ancient Rus' thanks to the neighborhood and constant contacts with the Turkic peoples.

1.2.How felt boots were treated in the past

As already mentioned, the first felt boots in the form of a solid boot appeared at the end of the 18th century. But since there were few felting artisans, and the production technology was kept secret, passed down from generation to generation (industrial production of felt boots began only at the end of the 19th century), felt boots were expensive, they were worn only by wealthy people. They treated felt boots with trepidation: upon entering new house, the owner put them in a place of honor near the stove. A family that had at least one felt boots was considered rich. They were cherished, worn according to seniority and passed on as inheritance. Receiving such a gift was considered good luck. The one who had felt boots was considered an enviable groom among the girls. And an unmarried girl, in order to attract the attention of her beloved guy, threw her felt boots into his yard - they say, send matchmakers.

The royals also did not neglect felt boots. A great fashionista and owner of a huge wardrobe, Catherine the Great wore felt boots under her crinoline, thus saving her sore legs. Soft combs made of fine black wool were specially invented for her.

The merit of felt boots in wartime is invaluable. In winter, our soldiers were dressed only in felt boots. They say that the shortage of felt products was due to the defeat in the Finnish war. But we defeated Napoleon and Hitler thanks to a sufficient amount of warm shoes.

Without felt boots, it would be impossible to explore the northern regions and equip expeditions to the North and South Poles.

1.3.How are felt boots treated these days?

Over the past decades, felt boots have become less popular due to the transformation of Russian winters into soft and slushy ones, being replaced by lighter and more water-resistant shoes. Felt boots are considered traditional village shoes; in cities they are usually worn by small children, or they are worn in severe frosts, when other shoes offer little protection from the cold.

However, today felt boots are regaining the love of city residents, and for designers and fashion designers they are becoming an attractive object of creativity.

I became interested in how the students of our school feel about felt boots. We prepared small questionnaires and asked schoolchildren from grades 1 to 11 to answer several questions regarding felt boots.

Questionnaire:

  1. Have you ever worn felt boots?
  2. Do you have felt boots?
  3. Do you know the technology for making felt boots?
  4. Do you know about the healing properties of felt boots?
  5. Do you think that felt boots are necessary footwear for winter?

The survey results are shown in the diagram in Fig. 1

The diagram shows the positive responses from survey participants. 75 students participated in the survey, approximately the same number from primary school, middle school and high school. The diagram shows that primary school students, compared to high school students, answered positively to questions 1 and 2 regarding the presence of felt boots in children and the wearing of felt boots. And to the remaining questions, the junior grades gave fewer positive answers than the high school students; these are questions related to the technology of making felt boots and the benefits of felt boots; the high school students turned out to be more knowledgeable. But to the last question, almost all students gave a positive answer, and kids and adults agreed that felt boots are simply necessary for our winter.

1.4.About the benefits of felt boots

Felt boots are a useful thing. In every way. And all thanks to sheep wool. It not only reliably warms, but also heals. Healing properties felt shoes were noticed back in the time of Peter I. Medicine confirms the beneficial effects of felt boots on human health.

· Natural fibers Felt felt wool has a high heat capacity, which allows your feet not to freeze at very low temperatures

· Felt boots protect a person’s foot not only from cold, but also from heat. Feet in felt boots do not sweat, since wool fibers provide natural air circulation.

· Natural sheep's wool perfectly absorbs and evaporates moisture, while remaining dry. It is this dry heat that helps with colds.

· Wool is rich in lanolin, which brings relief from rheumatism, radiculitis and other diseases of muscles and joints, as well as accelerating the healing of wounds and fractures.

· Felt boots are also often recommended for people with impaired circulatory system. When worn on a bare foot, felted shoes have a massage effect. Due to friction, an electrostatic field is created, which helps improve blood circulation.

· Felt boots are very useful for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, because the foot in such shoes does not deform, in addition, felted shoes allow air to pass through, which prevents the development of fungal diseases.

· Felt boots help relieve nervous tension, a feeling of fatigue and heaviness in the legs, and back pain.

· Natural wool felt boots have positive energy for humans.

Chapter II. Felt boots manufacturing technology

2.1.How boots are made

The production of real felt boots is very labor-intensive. The expression “simple as felt boots” can only be attributed to their shape. In handicraft production, the raw material for making felt boots is usually sheep wool - letnina, or shreds, removed from sheep in the summer. First, it is freed from impurities - blades of grass, thorns - and broken down, turning it into a soft and fluffy mass. The more summer boots there are, the softer they are.

The loosened wool is folded into the shape of a large sock and begins to be rolled, or more correctly, felted. This is where the word felt boots comes from (the second name is wire rods or katants). They do this with their hands (which requires a lot of strength) and by twisting it onto a special rolling pin that looks like a tetrahedral stick. The result is a thick, dense wool sock. To make the felt boots soft, pour hot water over them and continue felting. As the felling process progresses, the felt boots become smaller and smaller. Then the felt boot toe and heel are made. To make the felt boots warmer and denser, they are ground on a special board with ribs. It's called derguch. Then the felt boots are put on a collapsible wooden block and straightened with a wooden mallet. Then the surface of the felt boots is rubbed with pumice and placed in an oven to dry. For final finishing, the dried felt boots are rubbed again with pumice or a wooden block.

In addition to the usual technology, there were many different “secrets”. Thus, alum, copper sulfate and blue sandalwood were used to blacken felt, and to lighten the felt the master used white mixed with fresh milk. The resulting mixture was rubbed into felt until dry and placed in a low-heat oven “to free spirit”

2.2.Making felt boots at home

Having studied the technology of making felt boots, we went to the famous teacher and pimokat of our village and Yakov Ivanovich Glebov, who talked about how he himself made felt boots. He warned us that the process was complex and time-consuming, but we still tried to make small decorative felt boots ourselves. We took a small amount of wool, combed it and wrapped it in felt boots, then dipped the pieces in hot water and crushed them with our fingers and a rolling pin. Do this several times. The felt boots turned out to be soft and not very regular in shape. We did not have necessary tools and accessories, but still, we ended up with real felt boots, albeit decorative ones.

Conclusion

At the beginning of the research, I wanted to find out how felt boots are born.

Using various sources of information: Internet resources, a conversation with a specialist, a survey, I found out:

  1. The roots of fulling art go back centuries;
  2. The students of our school generally have a positive attitude towards felt boots; many have felt boots and wear them, and junior schoolchildren more than the elders. But little is known about the manufacturing technology and benefits of felt boots.
  3. This property is used to make felt boots wool fibers, as felling capacity. Processing wool with water and an alkaline solution, as well as using a collapsible block, handicraftsmen roll warm shoes - one of the symbols of Russia - felt boots.
  4. Making felt boots is a complex and labor-intensive process, but even at home it is possible to make felt boots.

To summarize, I can draw a general conclusion: my assumption that it is possible to make felt boots at home was confirmed. I have learned from my own experience that felting is a long process, requiring effort and perseverance, but at the same time very exciting. It’s amazing how a felt boot is created from a piece of unspun wool by friction and soaking - the face of our culture, cheerful, laughing, warm, cozy, welcoming and very simple.

Sources

1. Burakova A. There is something to wear to a sweetheart // Ethnosphere. - 2008. - N 2. - P. 43-46.

2. Valenki. Book for everyone who knows the price of this will notice. rus. shoes - M.: Resurrection, 1994. - 221 p.

3. Gusev F. How felt and felt boots are made. Guide for handicraftsmen / Gusev F. - L.: Publishing house "Mysl", 1925. - 32 p.

4. Kruglova G. Let’s roll our felt boots // Folk art. – 2004. - N 6. - P. 34-37.

5. Electronic resource: http://istoriya-sozdaniya.ru/index.php/v/52-istoriya-valenki

6. Electronic resource: http://www.apatitylibr.ru/index.php/

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