Tests at home: urine tests at home, blood tests, saliva tests. Express urine test at home General urine test: norm and interpretation of results

Any medical examination involves passing a lot of tests. These procedures take a lot of time. Each analysis requires an appointment and a queue, although in reality it takes five minutes. And as we know, all examinations, without exception, begin with blood and urine.

A urine test at home in Moscow will be relevant for people who value their time, as well as for those who for some reason are unable to get to the clinic.

We save the energy and time of our patients. Moreover, in the case of serious illnesses, the strength of bedridden patients is more precious than ever. Also, sometimes with other diseases, leaving the house can only worsen the health condition.

No less important even with such simple procedures, as an analysis, it seems to us, an attentive approach and quality of work. Home visiting nurses will come to you to promptly collect your urine. Later, our company will provide you with the results by email.

What urine tests can be taken at home?

With us you can take the following types of urine tests at home:

• clinical;
• biochemical;
• daily biochemical;
• urine analysis according to Nechiporenko;
• bacteriological culture of urine.

Tests at home

Code	Analysis	Material	Result	Method	Days	Price, rub.)
Steroid hormones and their metabolites
CT - 1	Complex analysis of 17-ketosteroids (17 - KS - 5 parameters): androsterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), etiochoanolone, epiandrosterone in daily urine; HPLC - MS	Daily urine	quantitative	GC - MS	4	1080
GH18	Estrogen metabolites, calculation of the ratio (assessment of the risk of developing cancer pathology): 16a - ONE1, 2 - ONE2, 2 - ONE1, 2 - OMEE1, 4 - OMEE2, 4 - ONE1 - in urine	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	HPLC - M S	5	3800
GH2	Determination of free cortisol and cortisone in urine	Daily urine	quantitative	HPLC - M S	4	1152
Neurotransmitters: Biogenic amines and their metabolites
K01	Comprehensive blood test for catecholamines and serotonin + urine test for GVK, VVK, 5 - OIUC (7 parameters)	Daily urine with preservative, Blood plasma from EDTA, Blood serum	quantitative	HPLC	4	2520
K02	Catecholamines (urine) - 3 parameters in a complex (adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine)	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative	HPLC	4	1872
K04	Complex analysis of metabolites of adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin (HVA, VMK, 5 - OIUC) (urine)	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative	HPLC	3	1872
K05	Urine analysis for the content of intermediate metabolites of catecholamines: metanephrine, normetanephrine.	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative	HPLC	3	1512
K10	Analysis for the content of free fractions of metanephrine and normetanephrine in urine	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative	HPLC	3	1512
K24	Complex urine analysis for the content of intermediate metabolites of catecholamines: metanephrine, normetanephrine, 3-methoxytyramine	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative	HPLC	3	1814
Amino acids and their metabolites (Organic acids)
AC06	Urine analysis for organic acids GC - MS method	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	GC - MS	3	3312
N02	Urine analysis for amino acids (32 indicators) HPLC - MS method	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	HPLC - M S	3	3600
OP	Profile "Organic acids" extended	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	GC - MS	4	5040
Nitrogen bases: Purines and pyrimidines
N11	Diagnosis of metabolic disorders of purines and pyrimidines (Urine) (Adenine, adenosine, thymine, uracil, xanthine, cytidine, b-alanine, orotic acid, etc. 20 indicators in total). HPLC - MS	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	HPLC - M S	4	4320
Carnitines and fatty acids
Porphyrins
B82	Porphyrins	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	HPLC	0	1368
Markers of bone resorption
B81	Crosslinks	Urine (single portion)	quantitative		0	1368
Microelements
M02	Toxic trace elements in urine (Cd, Hg, Pb) AAS method	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	4	1224
M05	Toxic trace elements and heavy metals in urine (Hg, Cd, As, Li, Pb, Al) AAS method	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	4	1440
M08	Main essential (vital) and toxic trace elements in urine (13m/e) (Se, Zn, Co, Mn, Mg, Cu, Fe, Ca, Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Al) ICP - MS method	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	ISP - MS	4	1800
M12	Comprehensive urine analysis for the presence of heavy metals and microelements (23 indicators) (Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Hg, Pb) ICP - MS method.	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	ISP - MS	4	2880
M16	Advanced comprehensive urine analysis for the presence of heavy metals and trace elements (40 indicators) (Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se , Mo, Cd, Sb, Hg, Pb) ICP - MS method.	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	ISP - MS	4	3600
M19. 2	Analysis of Li (lithium) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M20. 2	Analysis of B (boron) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M21. 2	Analysis of Na (sodium) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M22. 2	Analysis of Mg (magnesium) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M23. 2	Analysis of Al (aluminum) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M24. 2	Analysis of Si (silicon) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M25. 2	Analysis of K (potassium) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M26. 2	Analysis of Ca (calcium) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M27. 2	Analysis of Ti (titanium) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M28. 2	Analysis of Cr (chromium) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M29. 2	Analysis of Mn (manganese) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M30. 2	Analysis of Fe (iron) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M31. 2	Analysis of Co (cobalt) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M32. 2	Analysis of Ni (nickel) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M33. 2	Analysis of Cu (copper) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M33. 5	Analysis of Cu (copper) content in daily urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Daily urine	quantitative	AAS	1 - 3	552
M34. 2	Analysis of Zn (zinc) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M35. 2	Analysis of As (arsenic) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M36. 2	Analysis of Se (selenium) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M37. 2	Analysis of Mo (molybdenum) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M38. 2	Analysis of Cd (cadmium) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M39. 2	Analysis of Sb (antimony) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M40. 2	Analysis of Hg (mercury) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M41. 2	Analysis of Pb (lead) content in urine. Research method - AAS. Including sample preparation	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	AAS	3	552
M46	Iodine in urine	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	ISP - MS	3	1152
Vitamins
Toxicological studies
bpa	Bisphenol - A	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	GC - MS	3	1440
T01	"Bad habits"(comprehensive, profile study) - narcotic, psychotropic and potent substances (opiates and their synthetic analogues: heroin, morphine, methadone, tramadone; amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives (methamphetamine, ecstasy); drugs from hemp (marijuana, hashish); barbiturates (phenobarbital, cyclobarbital, barbamyl, etc.) benzodiazepines (Relanium, phenazepam, seduxen, etc.); cocaine; nicotine and alcohol, high-tech detection in urine	Urine (single portion)	qualitative	GC - MS	3	2880
T03	Determination of nicotine and its metabolites (nicotine, cotinine, 3`hydroxycotinine, nornicotine, anabasine) in urine (for differential diagnosis of active and passive smoking) HPLC-MS method	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	GC - MS	4	1728
T15	Urine analysis for alcohol, acetone and other volatile toxic substances	Urine (single portion)	quantitative	GC	3	1116
T22	Preliminary urine analysis to identify groups of narcotic drugs, psychotropic and potent substances (opiates and their synthetic analogues: heroin, morphine, methadone, tramadone); amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives (methamphetamine, ecstasy); narcotic drugs from hemp (marijuana, hashish); barbiturates (phenobarbital, cyclobarbital, barbamyl, etc.) benzodiazepines (Relanium, phenazepam, seduxen, etc.); cocaine (qualitative natural analysis)	Urine (single portion)	qualitative	IHA	1	1152
Biochemical studies of urine
B61	Rehberg test (creatinine clearance)	Daily urine with preservative, Blood serum			2	168
B62	Sulkowicz test	Urine (single portion)	quantitative		2	102
B63	Oxalates (urine) (quantitative)	Daily urine	quantitative		7	510
B64	AKS (urine)	Daily urine	quantitative		7	714
B65	Microalbumin (urine)	Daily urine	quantitative		2	186
B66	Amylase (urine)	Urine (single portion)	quantitative		2	84
B67	Glucose (urine)	Urine (single portion), daily urine with preservative	quantitative		2	102
B68	Creatinine (urine)	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative		2	66
B69	Uric acid (urine)	Daily urine	quantitative		2	84
B70	Urea urine	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative		2	144
B71	Total protein (urine)	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative		2	66
B72	Calcium (urine)	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative		2	66
B73	Na/K/Cl urine	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative		2	174
B74	Magnesium (urine)	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative		2	102
B75	Inorganic phosphorus (urine)	Daily urine with preservative	quantitative		2	84
B76	DPID (deoxypyridinoline) (urine)	Urine (single portion)	quantitative		7	1164
B77	Beta2 - urine microglobulin	Urine (single portion)	quantitative		2	612
B80	Crosslinks in 24-hour urine	Daily urine	quantitative		0	1368
B83	Porphyrins in daily urine	Daily urine	quantitative	HPLC	0	1368
B88	Lithos test (Evaluation of the degree of stone formation, Glucose, Protein, pH)	Urine (single portion)			8	2500
B89	Complex lithos (including assessment of the degree of stone formation)	Urine (single portion)			11	2900
B90	Assessment of the anticrystal-forming ability of urine (ACOSM)	Daily urine			9	1100
B91	Definition chemical composition urinary calculus (IR spectrometry)	Urine (single portion)			9	4100
Bacteriology
Bak13	Urine culture for microflora with determination of sensitivity to the main range of antibiotics, including candida	Urine (single portion)	Conclusion		7	850
Bak14	Urine culture for flora with determination of sensitivity to an extended range of antibiotics	Urine (single portion)	Conclusion		8	816
Bak15	Urine culture for microflora with determination of sensitivity to an extended range of antibiotics and bacteriophages, including candida	Urine (single portion)	Conclusion		7	900
Cytological studies
C19	Cytological examination of urine sediment	Urine (single portion)			6	770
General clinical tests
CL03	General urine analysis	Urine (single portion)	Conclusion		2	235
CL04	Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko	Urine (single portion)	Conclusion		2	144
CL36	Three cup urine sample	Urine (single portion)			2	324
K32	Diagnostics of kidney function (Creatinine, Urea, Albumin, Ca++, Inorganic phosphorus, Na / K / Cl, General urine analysis)	Urine (single portion), Blood serum			1	895

Urine collection rules

Urine is given in sterile plastic containers, which can be purchased at pharmacies.

The collected material is stored in the refrigerator.

Before collection, it is necessary to carry out a hygienic toilet.

In order for a urine test to accurately reflect the condition of the body, it must be correctly collected in compliance with the rules of patient preparation.

To ensure accurate results, you should not take diuretics the day before, drink large amounts of liquid, or eat foods that affect color (beets, cherries, strong tea).

You also need to remember that some medications change the composition of urine, so if you take it, read the instructions.

Collection rules for general clinical urine analysis

• Use a container of preservative (available in pharmacies).
• Collect approximately 50 ml of morning urine.
• When you urinate for the first time of the day, it is better to release a little urine into the toilet and only then collect it.
• Close the container and shake to mix the urine and preservative.

Collection rules for daily allowance biochemical analysis urine

• Collect urine for the day, all portions except the morning one.
• During collection, the jar should be stored in the refrigerator.
• After collection, mix the urine and pour 50 ml into a container.

Collection rules for biochemical analysis and urine analysis according to Nechiporenko

• Skip the morning portion of urine, collect any other average daily portion.
• Pour 50 ml of urine into a sterile container purchased from a pharmacy and place it in the refrigerator.

Collection rules for bacteriological culture of urine

• Take 3-5 ml of your average morning urine sample and collect it in a sterile plastic disposable container.

Your procedure for taking a urine test at home

• Leave a request to our company by phone in contacts.
• A nurse will come to your home within 2 hours and take a urine sample.
• He will give you a document confirming that the tests were taken and a receipt for the service.
• Your urine tests will be delivered to the medical laboratory of Chromolab LLC.
• The results will be sent to you by email within 1-4 days.

As a rule, patients spend more time undergoing tests than undergoing treatment. We believe it is right to break this unfair proportion and significantly reduce the time required for preparatory procedures. Instead of multiple actions, you are only one call away from test results. A nurse will come to you and carry out the collection. In this case, you will receive the results directly from the laboratory, as quickly as in the clinic - the next day.

A huge number of laboratory tests have now been developed, on the basis of which the condition of the body is assessed, the disease is diagnosed, or the effectiveness of treatment is determined. Urine pH (acidity) is one of the indicators that characterizes the function of the urinary system and indicates the presence of pathology.

When diagnosing gout or uric acid diathesis, urine acidity plays a key role. Determination of urine pH is a standard screening test performed during a medical examination or upon admission to a hospital inpatient department.

This test is included in general analysis urine, which, in addition to the acidity level of urine, takes into account the quantity, color, density, presence of cellular elements, proteins and salt crystals.

What is urine acidity

During the process of metabolism in the human body, many things happen chemical reactions necessary for growth, development and maintenance of life.

For all these reactions to occur, a certain acid-base state must be maintained in the circulatory system and intracellular space.

This is done due to various biochemical buffer systems and the release of metabolic products into environment. The organs responsible for the disposal of by-products include the liver, lungs, skin and kidneys.

The kidneys are the most important organ of excretion, since the urine they produce contains nitrogen-containing compounds. These substances, accumulating in the body, can have a detrimental effect on the brain, heart and other vital organs.

In addition, urine is an excellent indicator indicating many changes occurring in the body.

The kidneys have a functional unit called the nephron, which produces urine through ultrafiltration of blood. What is acidity?

If we perceive urine as an inorganic solution, then it will contain a huge amount of salts, acids, alkalis and free ions that got there during filtration in the renal nephrons. The pH of urine depends on the number of unbonded hydrogen atoms.

With an increase in free H+, the acidic properties of urine will be more pronounced. This means that the higher the level of hydrogen ions in the urine, the more acidic it will be.

Normal acidity is a rather broad term that does not give a complete picture of the state of the body at this moment due to the influence of numerous factors.

There are generally accepted indicators, going beyond which is characterized as the presence of pathology. For urine, the pH will range from 5.0 to 7.0. Short-term fluctuations in acidity from 4.5 to 8.0 can be considered normal if they are short-term and there are no alarming symptoms such as polyuria, oliguria or pain when urinating.

Also, pH values ​​fluctuate depending on the time of day, degree physical activity, individual characteristics body or diet. For example, in the morning the pH is 6-6.5, and in the evening the acidity rises to 7. In addition, the ratio of the liquid secreted to the liquid drunk is of great importance.

Optimal acidity levels in men may be higher than in women due to a higher percentage of muscle mass, as well as a dietary pattern that involves consuming more meat products. Be that as it may, the optimal generally accepted acidity value for adults is in the range from 6.3 to 6.5.

In women during breastfeeding, this figure can rise to 7.8. As a result high level metabolism for newborn children, the acidity numbers will be completely different. The average baby has a urine pH level of 5.4 to 5.9 units, and for premature babies it is 4.8 to 5.4.

Reasons for changes in urine acidity

Most metabolic products are excreted from the body through the kidneys, so you need to understand that acidity is due to the influence of many factors.

By and large, acidity is a dynamic quantity that differs depending on different people and even changes in one person depending on the food consumed, medications taken, lifestyle or time of day. A change in the pH of urinary sediment can occur towards acidification or towards alkalization.

Acidification

Urine acidification is a condition in which the pH becomes less than 5.0. This may occur due to a change in diet, increased physical activity, or pathology of the urinary system.

There are a huge number of diseases that contribute to changes in the acidity of urine. Basically, the pH drops to 5 in diabetes. An acidic urine reaction occurs under the following conditions:

• metabolic acidosis,
• Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a significant change in the composition of urine, not only in terms of a decrease in acidity, but also in the form of an increase in the amount of glucose,
• fever,
• gout is a common rheumatological disease, characteristic feature which is the acidic environment of urine. The disease is caused by a violation of purine metabolism, as a result of which a large amount of uric acid begins to accumulate in the body,
• eating low carbohydrate foods,
• An increase in urine acidity may be caused by drugs that increase diuresis. This means that similar medicines It is allowed to drink only in short courses,
• infectious diseases of the urinary system caused by Escherichia coli or mycobacteria,
• chronic renal failure,
• eating foods high in protein. In addition to meat, acid-increasing foods include white bread, fish and cheese,
• sepsis,
• treatment with ascorbic acid in a dosage of more than 2 g per day significantly increases the pH of urine and also increases the risk of developing urolithiasis,
• pathologies of the digestive system.

When urine acidity is elevated for more than 10 days, this is an important laboratory indicator indicating a metabolic disorder or a decrease in the filtration function of the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys.

Also, a slight decrease in the pH level of urinary sediment occurs in newborns. Acidic urine in a newborn is completely physiological and should not cause concern to parents. As the child gets older, the acidity of the urine will level out.

Alkalinization

Alkalinization of urine is a condition in which the pH level becomes more than 7. Alkalinity in the urine can be detected with regular consumption of lactic acid or plant products, as well as with bacterial and metabolic diseases. The reasons for such deviations may be the following factors:

• chronic bacterial urinary tract infection. Microbes are able to ferment nitrogen-containing compounds to ammonia, which leads to an increase in pH,
• hyperkalemia,
• adrenal hormone insufficiency,
• renal tubular acidosis,
• metabolic and respiratory alkalosis,
• passing bloody urine (hematuria),
• increased levels of phosphate-containing compounds in the urine,
• use large quantity mineral water,
• a diet containing large amounts of plant foods, black bread, milk,
• inflammation of the walls of the urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis),
• postoperative period.

In case of severe pathological process Chronic renal failure often occurs, leading to alkalization of urine. This is caused by both congenital (primarily wrinkled kidney, pathology of the renal vessels) and acquired (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, diabetic kidney) causes.

Also, temporary alkalization of urine can be caused by intravenous administration of a solution of buffered soda. It is administered in emergency cases accompanied by significant acidification of the blood (sepsis, liver failure, ketoacidotic coma).

Clinically, an increase in pH levels is manifested by general weakness, diffuse headache, nausea and vomiting.

Methods for determining urine pH

Determining the level of acidity is not the main diagnostic method, but it may indicate the presence of a particular pathology.

It is necessary to take only fresh urine, because long-term storage changes its physicochemical properties, which gives distorted results of the diagnostic test. Determination of pH in urine analysis is carried out in several ways.

Laboratory analysis allows not only to take into account physical and chemical properties, but also to determine the presence of cellular elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes), proteins, crystals, cylinders, sugar and much more.

The analysis is deciphered by a laboratory doctor, and based on the results, additional research methods may be recommended, allowing, if necessary, to clarify the diagnosis. Laboratory tests are the most accurate, so if you suspect the presence of a disease, it is best to resort to them.

At the moment, you can purchase strips for determining acidity at any pharmacy. These are special indicator tests that take into account several indicators. Such strips greatly simplify the analysis and allow you to carry out the test at home.

You need to understand that a one-time test cannot be reliable for several reasons. Firstly, the results are affected by the products consumed.

For example, if a person has a normal pH of 6.0, then a long-term protein diet reduces this indicator, so it is recommended to avoid eating large amounts of meat before the test. Secondly, tests can be inaccurate, so when you receive a result, it is better to re-test.

Test results should only be interpreted by a doctor. Under no circumstances should you prescribe treatment yourself, otherwise this may aggravate the condition and lead to irreparable consequences. At the same time, for some patients, with the permission of the doctor, periodic measurement of urine acidity at home is sometimes recommended.

Man is a rational being, so he is quite capable of listening to his body, observing any changes and responding to them in a timely manner. Various self-diagnosis methods also come to the rescue. As in any clinical laboratory, the main diagnostic material is urine and blood. And if special test strips are required for blood testing at home, then a urine test on your own without special devices and chemical reagents are much easier to make, the main thing is to stock up on certain knowledge and skills.

Humanity learned to examine urine many centuries ago; at that time one could not even dream of using any kind of equipment, but based on the state of urine one could assume the presence of a particular disease. For example, there is one diagnostic method that today causes a smile, but there is still no doubt about its accuracy. Even in the Middle Ages, doctors used urine to diagnose diabetes mellitus; for this, a portion of urine was poured into a plate and placed in a place where there was easy access to flies; if the insects actively chose the plate, then the doctor was naturally one hundred percent sure that his patient had high sugar. The method, of course, has long been outdated and looks quite absurd in our eyes, but it still has a place and confirms its informative basis. Yes, of course, it is impossible to get a complete picture with its help, but it is quite possible to assume an illness, which means promptly contacting the clinic for further in-depth examination.

Technique for performing urine analysis at home

To carry out self-diagnosis of urine, you must follow certain rules; they are elementary, so performing them is not difficult.

First of all, on the eve of the study, after seventeen hours, you should completely stop eating foods that affect the color of urine - chocolate, coffee, asparagus, beets, carrots, citrus fruits, alcohol. In addition, you should refrain from taking medicines, which also affect the color of urine.

Next important point is what kind of urine needs to be collected. Remember that the most informative is the portion of urine that formed after midnight. Therefore, morning urine is taken for analysis.

To do this you need to take a clean glassware. At least two hundred milliliters of urine will be required.

Urine, at home, is analyzed according to three main parameters: color, smell, and the presence of impurities in it.

Urine healthy person emits a mild specific odor, the entire surface is evenly covered with a small layer of foam. There is sediment, but it is minimal and falls evenly to the bottom of the dish. Also, when visually examining a fresh portion of urine, it is easy to notice that the steam disappears from the edges of the container, and the liquid itself acquires a transparent structure of a light yellow hue.

If a person begins to have pathological changes in the functioning of the liver and gallbladder, then the color of the urine will be saturated yellow, besides, immediately after collecting it there will be a lot of fine yellow foam, which will disappear very quickly.

Foam resembling saliva is a sign of pathological changes in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.

Red urine indicates a blood disorder.

Let us note some diseases that can be predicted by the color of urine:

• diabetes, with it the urine is colorless;
• purulent processes color the urine greenish-yellow;
• diabetes, nephrosclerosis – milky white;
• for jaundice, typhoid, cholera - green, dirty blue, blue;
• fever, increased sweating - orange;
• hematuria, urine colored red or pink;
• obstructive jaundice, excretion of bile pigments in the urine turns urine dark yellow;
• bilirubinuria, porphyrinuria – brown;
• malanosis, alkaptonuria - black-brown urine.

With a sharp unpleasant smell urine, one should assume a strong inflammatory process in the body. The symptom should never be ignored; it must be further confirmed in the laboratory, since the body needs immediate medical attention.

If the urine has an ammonia smell, then most likely cystitis has developed in the body.

A putrid odor is characteristic of gangrenous processes in the organs of the urinary system.

A fecal “flavor” is present when there is a history of vesico-rectal fistula.

A fruity smell is characteristic of diabetes.

However, it is worth remembering that the strong foul odor of urine can also be the result of eating horseradish, garlic, or asparagus. Therefore, during diagnosis, as mentioned above, they should be excluded.

Sediment in the urine can be examined after a day. Its presence indicates that the person has kidney problems.

The container with urine must be placed (it must be glass) in a cool place, the air temperature is between eighteen and twenty degrees per day. The next morning, you can safely begin to analyze your state of health by whether salt crystals have formed on the walls of the jar with urine and what they are. And so, remember:

• white sediment at the bottom of the container indicates the presence of carbonates in the urine;
• the formation in urine in the form of a “cloud” indicates the presence of mucus in it; after a day it precipitates, in which white crystals in the shape of rods are clearly visible - these are phosphates, and large crystals are tripel phosphates. All of them belong to alkaline salts;
• crystals of a reddish or yellowish color with a characteristic shine on the walls are urates, uric acid salts;
• dark red and black are oxalates.

A magnifying glass and a table lamp are perfect tools to use.

The described method does not require absolutely any financial costs or specific equipment. All you need to know is the basic urine parameters that are characteristic of a healthy body, as well as how they change as a result of the development of pathology.

It is important to understand that successful treatment largely depends on early and correct diagnosis of the disease. Unfortunately, in most cases, humanity seeks help only when unpleasant symptoms significantly worsen life, and does not care about preventive examinations and diagnostics. But in vain. Today, many pharmaceutical companies offer special test strips that allow you to detect irregularities without leaving your home. They allow you to save a lot of precious time and, more importantly, promptly predict developing pathology.

Test strips are available in two types: mono- and multifunctional. They are used to study urine, saliva, and blood. Monofunctional ones detect only one substance in the liquid being tested, while multifunctional ones detect a whole spectrum.

Test strips are quite easy to use; they can be used to determine the presence of glucose in urine, ketone bodies, occult blood, bilirubin, nitrites, protein, acidity level, density and other indicators.

Test strips are an urgent test at home; they are a godsend for people with diabetes, kidney and heart failure, acute and chronic illnesses. They do not require special knowledge and skills, and are absolutely safe, convenient and simple. All you need to do is go to the nearest pharmacy, buy a test, carefully read the instructions, and then follow what is written and do the analysis.

Indicator Value Units

(COL)	- Light yellow Yellow, straw yellow Amber yellow, rich yellow Dark yellow Dark yellow with green tint Dark brown Dark, almost black Brown “Beer” color “Meat slop” color Red Pink Orange Greenish-yellowish Whitish Milky Pale, colorless Blue/green Gray or dirty brown
(CLA)	- Full transparency Partial transparency Cloudy
	- Mild specific ammonia Strong stench of rotting apples (acetone)
(SG)
(pH)	- pH less than 5.0 (acidic) pH 5.0 – 7.0 (acidic, slightly acidic, neutral) pH more than 7.0 (alkaline)
(PRO)	- Not detected (or no more than 0.033 g/l) Detected
(GLU)
(KET)
(BIL)	- Not detected Detected
(UBG)	- Not detected Traces of morning portion Detected more than normal
(BLD)	- Not detected Detected
	- 0-3 in the field of view Increased content
	- Single in the preparation Increased content
	- Not detected Detected
(WBC, LEU)		in sight
(RBC)
(RBC)	- 0-2 in the field of view Increased content
	- Not detected Hyaline (1-2 in the preparation) Hyaline (3 or more) Granular Waxy Erythrocyte Leukocyte Epithelial Cylinders
	- Not detected In small quantities Increased content
	- Not detected Detected
	- Not detected Detected
	- Not detected Detected
	- Not detected Detected

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To obtain reliable results of a urine test, it is necessary to prepare well for the analysis and correctly collect the material. It is advisable to purchase a special sterile container for urine analysis and thoroughly clean the external genitalia before collecting urine. It is especially important to prepare for a urine test during pregnancy.

Decoding a urine test online will help you decipher your analysis before visiting a doctor, understand the indicators of a urine test, and also obtain information on each indicator of the analysis. When deciphering a urine test during pregnancy, the results are described taking into account pregnancy, and the results are also adjusted depending on age, that is, when deciphering a child’s urine test, a special result is given for children. The norms for urine analysis must be looked at on the form of the laboratory where the analysis was done, because in the urine analysis.

Morning urine should be placed in a glass jar to settle for a day. The next morning, see which salt crystals have formed on the walls and bottom of the jar.

• If the urine was white, like milk, and, after settling, formed a white sediment at the bottom of the jar, these are carbonates.
• If such a “cloud” forms - this is mucus in the urine - and then a precipitate falls out, in which small transparent crystals similar to glass rods gleam - these are phosphates. Larger crystals are tripelphosphates. These are all alkaline salts.
• If shiny reddish or yellowish crystals, similar to grated brick, are deposited on the walls of the jar, these are urates - uric acid salts.
• And if there are dark red and even black crystals, these are oxalates.

In order to better see the salt crystals, you need to use a magnifying glass (I use a *7 magnifying glass + good lighting, although urates can be seen without a magnifying glass). What you see may amaze your imagination.

A routine urine test can also tell a lot about a person's condition.

For example, the presence of red blood cells means that there is blood in the urine; an increased number of white blood cells indicates inflammation.

If the specific gravity of urine is very high, e.g. exceeds 1030 units, it is necessary to check the amount of sugar in the urine - in this case, a disease such as diabetes mellitus is possible. If the specific gravity of urine is low - 1008 or very low - 1005-1002, it is necessary to sound the alarm that the kidneys are not working, and the person may have glomerulonephritis, or diabetes insipidus, or another serious disease. Since with such a specific gravity it is not urine that comes out, but distilled water. The normal specific gravity of urine averages 1016 units.

To determine specific gravity, you must bring at least 100 grams of urine to the laboratory assistant.