Hair extensions: types, methods of procedure. Ways to increase the bank's own funds Hair on pins

Do you have thin, sparse and brittle hair that lacks volume? Do you want to have silky, thick and long locks, but cannot achieve the desired result in any way? You don’t have to put up with the current state of your hair; almost every hairdresser can provide you with artificial hair extensions. You will find information about the types of this procedure, their features, technique and general contraindications in our article.

Hair extension methods and technologies

Extension of artificial curls has several methods and technologies. We will talk about them below.

Experts are accustomed to highlighting 2 ways to extend donor strands: hot and cold.

The hot extension technique involves the use of a molten adhesive composition, with the help of which the artificial curl is connected to the natural hair. Thanks to the latest developments, fastenings of donor strands can melt at low temperatures or under the influence of ultrasound, which cannot harm natural curls. At the same time, the fastenings do not require additional protection, so you do not have to worry about their integrity while visiting the sauna, sea, swimming pool or bathhouse.
The cold extension technique is considered safer for the hair and epidermis. When using it, natural strands are not subjected to thermal action; artificial elements are attached to the skin/hair using weaves, glue, clips, etc.

Technologies for artificial hair extensions are regularly improved. It is possible that in just a few years, improved techniques will allow women to independently use the most complex and long-lasting extension techniques without leaving their own apartment.

There are many more technologies for increasing donor elements. You will learn about them below.

This type of procedure refers to the cold method. To implement this, adhesive tape with artificial strands is used, which is attached to the roots of the native curls and is held on to them until the adhesion site is treated with a special solution (i.e. during correction or removal of extensions). The adhesive substance used for tape extensions leaves no traces, is harmless to the dermis and strands and allows you to complete the procedure as quickly as possible. The result of the extension can last from 2 months to a year, but only with timely corrections and careful care of the hair. This type of extension allows you to freely visit a swimming pool, solarium, sauna, bathhouse, swim in salt sea water, etc. Tape technology is suitable for improving the appearance of thin, bulky hairs. This procedure will take approximately 90 minutes.

On a note: after tape extensions, you need to carefully choose your hairstyle, because... areas with attached donor curls can be conspicuous and give away your little “secret”. When visiting the gym and while sleeping, it is recommended to braid your hair to prevent tangling.

Another name is tress extension. The named procedure is also cold extension. In addition, the tress method is recognized as the safest for hair, because... during its implementation, neither skin nor hair are treated with adhesives and are not subjected to thermal action. To carry out afro extensions, the master braids horizontal braids from your hair, to which donor curls are attached using a special hook (hairdressers call them tresses). For each part of the head, different tresses are used: at the temples they are narrow, and at the back of the head they are wide.

The tress extension will take you about 3 hours, and the duration of wearing the artificial elements depends on the growth rate of the native curls. On average, you will need to make adjustments 1 or 2 times a month.

On a note: after tress extensions, you cannot collect your curls in a high ponytail, because Braided braids will be very noticeable to people around you.

This type of procedure is one of the easiest to perform and affordable. Clip technology is a cold extension method that any girl can do. With its help, a woman can lengthen her hair anywhere and anytime, make her hair voluminous, add colored curls, creating the effect of colored or highlighted hair. The essence of clip-on extensions is incredibly simple: a strip of artificial strands at the end has clips - special clips that are attached to the roots of natural hair. After a few practices, you will be able to quickly put on your hair extensions and style them into your desired hairstyle. Clip extensions cannot be considered a long-term technique: if you go to bed with donor strands, then in the morning your hairstyle will resemble a “haystack” of tangled curls and artificial elements that have moved in different directions.

On a note: after clip-in extensions, you should not create high, tight hairstyles and weaves: the clips will not withstand such a load and will sloppily peek out from your natural hair.

This technique is the youngest of all listed. This method of extension is carried out using a cold method using beads made of metal ceramics, the color of which is selected individually for each woman. The technique for carrying out this procedure is as follows: a bead is attached to your native lock along with a donor curl at a distance of 5 mm from the roots. Extensions using beads help to acquire long strands even with very short natural hair. You can also extend bangs using this method. Despite the amazing result, this technology has one serious drawback - the mechanical effect on the strands. The friction of the beads on the curls leads to injury to the hair, causing it to become brittle, weak and damaged.

Hair extensions using beads can be worn for 2.5 to 6 months. It is better to carry out the first correction a month after the first extension.

On a note: when choosing this technology, be careful when combing your hair: the comb should not touch the metal beads.

This technique is also a cold extension method, in which the donor strands are glued to the scalp. When performing it, the master conventionally divides the head into several sections, removes the hair into partings and glues strips of finished strands to the epidermis. Bonding allows you to quickly grow hair, but the glue used to attach artificial elements can negatively affect the condition of the dermis and natural hair. On average, the described type of extension will please you for about a month; at the slightest sign of the artificial elements peeling off, you will need to visit your hairdresser and carry out an early correction.

On a note: after bonding it is necessary to approach the choice of hairstyles more carefully, because... many of them can cause donor strands to peel off and ruin appearance renewed hair. Also be careful when combing and washing your hair.

The second name is South Korean. Another type of cold method of hair extensions. It can be classified as a non-standard technique. To carry out the South Korean type of extension, the master puts a small ring on the native strand (half a centimeter from the roots of the native hair), into which an artificial curl is threaded. To secure the ring, the hairdresser clamps it with pliers. This method is suitable only for those women who are used to sleeping in curlers. The rings attached to your hair will be very noticeable, especially during sleep. The extension procedure itself lasts approximately 2 hours, the first correction can be carried out after 3-5 months.

On a note: comb the locks carefully: when wrong actions you can tear off the rings and worsen the appearance of your hairstyle.

This type of procedure has a lot of options. The essence of the capsule method is to glue an artificial strand and natural hairs using a small capsule, which is heated and attached to the roots of the curls using special glue or keratin. The substance melts under the influence of high temperatures and connects both strands. This technique can be performed both hot and cold (depending on the subtype of this procedure). Thanks to the wide variety in the choice of extensions using the capsule method, every lady will be able to choose exactly the method that suits her in all respects.

This technique can be classified as a hot method, but in this case the hair is not subjected to the usual thermal effects. This type of extension involves gluing the native strand to the donor element using a capsule that is heated with an ultrasonic gun. One such manipulation takes no more than 2 seconds. The disadvantages of this method include the composition of the capsule, which contains substances harmful to hair (including keratin). This type of extension will take approximately 3 hours, the first correction will be needed after 2 months.

On a note: ultrasonic extensions allow you to experiment with any hairstyle and styling.

Italian technology

Another hot extension technique. To connect the donor element and native curls, special forceps are used, and the junction can be either convex or flat. Before use, the capsule is treated with a resinous composition, which allows you to increase the wear time of the extensions. Hair extensions using the Italian technique will take from 2 to 4 hours, the first correction is carried out after 2 months.

On a note: like ultrasonic extensions, Italian technology allows you to create different hairstyles. But when implementing it, you will have to forget about the sea, sauna, pool and bathhouse.

This procedure technique is similar to the Italian technology, but instead of forceps, a thermal gun and glue are used here. Therefore, the wearing period, correction and other features are absolutely identical to the previous extension technology.

It is carried out in a cold way. Donor elements are attached to natural strands using a fixative and glue. After drying, the glue turns white, so this extension can only be performed on fair-haired beauties. Extension using the described method will take from 3 to 5 hours, after 4 months the first correction will be required.

On a note: the features of building up donor elements using the Spanish method are the same as those of the ultrasound and Italian methods: a ban on visiting the pool, sauna, bathhouse and swimming in the sea, as well as no restrictions on creating any hairstyle.

French technology

It is an analogue of the Spanish technology with the only difference: the master adds a coloring substance to the glue, which is selected individually for the color of his client’s hair. All features of strand extensions using the French method are similar to the previous technology.

You can also hear about the Brazilian extension technology: this method involves straightening curls using keratin, which makes curly locks become straight and, as a result, longer.

Contraindications

All of the listed types of strand extensions have a list of general contraindications, which we have given below:

Dermatological diseases;
Alopecia or partial loss of hair;
Hormonal imbalances;
Recovery periods after surgery nervous breakdown, depression or stress;
The first 2-4 months after birth.

The choice of extension technologies is quite large; before starting the procedure, find out from the hairdresser all the information you are interested in, inquire about the durability of the future hairstyle, the nuances of correction, the dangers of the fixing composition for hair, etc. You can find out how to care for your hair extensions in our article: “Care for hair extensions.”

In almost all cases, the following forms of raising funds to increase equity capital can be considered:

Ordinary shares;

Preference shares;

Debentures with warrants;

Convertible bonds;

Subordinated convertible bonds;

Fixed rate bonds that cannot be converted into shares.

Let us recall the essence of each of these financing instruments to make it clearer how the borrower and potential investor approach the selection and evaluation of various options for financing an investment project.

1. Ordinary shares- these are securities that formalize rights to the company’s equity capital and therefore are of particular importance for assessing its accounting value. When capital is first invested in a company, it is customary to talk not just about ordinary shares, but about its share capital or capital in the form of shares - as the sum of their par values. It is through analyzing the state of affairs with ordinary shares that it is easiest to get an idea of the true state of affairs with the ownership of a given company.

2. Preference shares- securities that have a number of advantages for the investor compared to ordinary shares, for example, guaranteed dividends and preferential rights to redeem rights upon liquidation of the company.

3. Debt obligations with warrants- company debt; it is ultimately just her obligation to repay the lender a certain amount of money over a fixed period of time and at an agreed upon premium of interest. In other words, it is a loan. However, in some cases, such loans are so risky that even higher interest rates cannot make them financially attractive. In this case, warrants may be added to the debt obligations to make investment terms more acceptable. Warrants are documents that guarantee an investor the right or privilege to purchase shares of a company at a fixed (at the time the warrant is issued) price, but within a fixed period.

4. Convertible bonds- these are documents formalizing a debt, and therefore they can be considered as one of the types of loans. Bond convertibility allows the lender to choose whether to convert the remainder of the debt owed to him into shares (at a certain price) or not to do so. In other words, if it turns out to be beneficial to him, the creditor can purchase his shares from the debtor at a pre-agreed price, but within the limits of the outstanding amount of debt.

5. Subordinated convertible bonds- This is a special type of debt obligation. The adjective “subordinated” denotes the rank of these obligations in the satisfaction of all obligations of the company in the event of its liquidation. Subordinated bonds in this situation are repaid earlier than all obligations on shares, but later than other types of debt, especially bank loans. As for the convertibility of such bonds, its conditions are similar to the rules for ordinary convertible bonds.

6. Fixed rate bonds that cannot be converted into shares- this form of borrowing fixes (the simplest situation of lending: when the borrower is obliged to simply return the received amount of money after a fixed period of time and with a fixed amount of additional payment, forming interest income for the lender. Moreover, such debt can have two forms: insured and uninsured.

The insured debt is backed by a targeted link to certain assets that can be sold to guarantee payment of the debt (in practice, these assets become collateral). And if the borrower fails, the insured lender has the right to seize those assets and sell them to recover the debt.

If we rank the above-mentioned sources of financing according to their share in investment operations, we will find that in practice the most frequently used and play a significant role among external sources are expansion of equity capital and loans.

Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Mikheeva N.N.

Orenburg State University E-mail: [email protected]

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOME WAYS FOR INCREASING CAPITAL OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

The article analyzes possible sources of growth in the capital base of Russian commercial banks, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Particular attention is paid to the problems of increasing the capital of regional banks in comparison with large banks. Key words: bank capital, capital base, capital increase.

The problem of determining the adequacy of a bank's equity capital has for a long time given rise to many scientific studies and disputes between banks and regulatory authorities.

Each commercial bank independently determines the amount of its own funds and their structure based on its adopted development strategy. If a bank, subject to the laws of competition, seeks to expand the circle of its clients, including through large enterprises that are in constant need of consuming bank loans, then, naturally, its own capital should increase. The size of the bank's equity capital is also influenced by the nature of active operations. With long-term diversion of resources into risky operations, the bank must have significant equity capital.

Capital growth can be done in several ways:

1. Direction of own profit to the bank’s capital. Capitalization of profits can become a source of increasing the bank's own funds, and its size depends on the scale of activity and operational efficiency. Too high a share of retained earnings may result in reduced dividend payments to shareholders. All other things being equal, this will reduce the market value of investments in the bank's capital, which may cause problems with attracting external sources for its expansion. Let us systematize the advantages and disadvantages of this source. Advantages:

1) the bank does not depend on the market for funds;

2) the costs of attracting equity capital as a source of formation are excluded;

3) there is no threat of loss of control over the bank’s activities;

4) stimulates the bank to improve performance results;

5) gives the bank the right to independently determine the amount of retained profit.

Flaws:

1) increases tax payments to the budget;

2) depends on factors outside the bank’s direct influence;

3) affects the amount of profit allocated to pay dividends to shareholders.

2. State participation in the capital of credit institutions. This method is possible only for state organizations or those in whose authorized capital the state owns a controlling stake. As an example, we can cite OJSC Rosselkhozbank, Sberbank of Russia (OJSC). Undoubtedly, the advantage of this path can be considered a significant capitalization resource. But this option is unacceptable for regional banks deprived of government support.

3. Use of funds raised under subordinated debt. This can be achieved by issuing bank debt securities, opening special deposit accounts, or obtaining long-term loans. Their use is carried out taking into account the fact that funds raised in this way have fixed repayment periods and cannot be used to cover losses, except in the situation of bank liquidation. The use of this method depends on understanding the advantages and disadvantages inherent in this source of increasing the size of equity capital. The advantages of this method are:

1) providing the bank with the opportunity to increase earnings per share if borrowed funds generate income exceeding the income paid on such debt obligations;

2) allows you to solve the problem of increasing the amount of equity capital while reducing the amount of taxable profit, since interest on such obligations is included in its gross expenses;

3) does not affect the position of owners and control over the activities of the bank;

4) limits the investment risks of market entities in time, since funds are raised on an urgent basis;

5) is a simpler source of growth in the size of the bank’s equity capital than the placement of additional shares on the market;

6) does not depend on the legal form of the bank.

Flaws:

1) investment risks of the bank’s creditors are not excluded, since it operates in market conditions and, therefore, is subject to the influence of risk factors in the external and internal environment of its functioning;

2) the ratio between the bank’s own capital and borrowed resources is deteriorating, and this reduces its reliability;

3) the risk of violation of the fixed capital adequacy standard with the ensuing economic consequences for the bank cannot be excluded, since funds raised on the terms of subordinated debt are included in additional capital;

4) when issuing debt securities on the terms of subordinated debt, the bank bears the costs of organizing, placing and registering their issue;

5) the bank must comply with all requirements of legislation and regulations of the Bank of Russia and the Federal Service for Financial Markets regarding the issue and circulation of its subordinated bonds;

6) the use of this method can be considered as a temporary solution to the problem, since the amount of funds raised as a result of the issue of subordinated liabilities is taken into account as part of the bank’s additional equity capital only for 5 years and taking into account its annual depreciation.

4. Raising funds from bank shareholders. Among the advantages of this path is the preservation of the ownership structure and the possibility of them receiving additional income from the development of the bank's activities. Issuing common shares is a more expensive way to raise capital from external sources

due to high flotation costs and the high risk associated with returns to shareholders falling short of returns to debt holders. Each subsequent issue of new shares removes profit per share, and the degree and quality of control over the bank changes. The issue of new ordinary shares is possible if:

1) the bank strives to achieve the standard of equity capital established regulatory documents Bank of Russia. Such replenishment is often carried out through an increase in the number of shares of existing shareholders - bank participants;

2) the advantage of issuing ordinary shares is that increasing equity capital allows you to achieve liquidity goals, which over time makes it possible to increase the volume of loans on the interbank market and receive larger funds raised.

5. The issue of preferred shares is beneficial if they are gradually converted into ordinary shares. Preferred shares can be issued after one issue of ordinary shares.

6. The sale of part of the assets, the lease of fixed assets allows you to create reserves for the revaluation of property, carry out accelerated depreciation and capitalize the received amounts into the authorized capital.

7. Dividend policy - reducing and increasing dividends on shares is a flexible tool for increasing equity capital.

8. The bank's IPO. Placing shares of commercial banks on the stock exchange is the most promising way to increase capitalization. The advantage of public offering of shares over other methods of financing is a larger volume of funds raised, a significant number of investors, a fair price and increased business transparency. But a public offering of shares also has its drawbacks: “dilution” of the ownership structure, significant costs for organization, preliminary preparation and placement of securities. And after this procedure, the work of maintaining the market for placed shares comes to the fore - otherwise it is very easy to lose your reputation among investors.

The risk is that there may be a discrepancy between the corporate governance principles existing in the bank and the requirements for effective

corporate governance of public companies. But, despite all these difficulties, equity financing can be considered as a relevant and promising way to increase a bank’s equity capital, but only for a part of banks: large banks that are really of interest to a large circle of potential investors, but not to small regional banks.

Also, limited capital is determined by the limited ability of shareholders of most regional banks to attract capital and immaturity to enter an IPO.

A highly competitive environment forces regional banks to operate in constant competition with large federal Russian credit institutions. In such a situation, the lack of access for regional banks to the foreign borrowing market and restrictions on participation in auctions for the placement of budget funds actually contribute to the displacement of small financial institutions from the market.

For solutions existing problems it is necessary to ensure the possibility of Russian development institutions entering into the capital of regional banks in order to increase the capitalization and degree of transparency of regional financial and credit organizations. In addition, measures to strengthen the positions of regional banks are the development of the necessary provisions and procedures to allow banks with less capital to participate in auctions of the Ministry of Finance, and the implementation of mechanisms for obtaining subordinated loans on a competitive basis.

It can be concluded that for many banks, increasing capital through attracting a strategic investor is more preferable than going public. This is natural: if the goal is precisely to increase one’s own funds, and not to create a public history, attracting a strategic investor is usually more profitable than public offerings.

Regulatory capital requirements impact the day-to-day operations of banks. For large credit institutions, the problem of increasing capital is not so acute, since they have access to stock markets, and these banks can issue additional ordinary and preferred shares or raise funds in the form of subordinated debt.

Small banks, due to their smaller capabilities and lack of a well-known reputation in the market, cannot take full advantage of this type of market. Often such banks have to rely on internal (own) sources of capital replenishment, for example, retained earnings, which have rather limited capabilities.

Despite its positive role in ensuring the stability and reliability of the bank, the requirements for a minimum level of capital adequacy are at the same time a limiting factor in the growth of banking assets. The growth of assets must be supported by capital growth to meet capital adequacy requirements.

Consequently, a bank can only increase its assets by a certain percentage, provided by its retained earnings and the ability to issue new capital. The need to increase capital can be avoided in cases where the bank restructures its assets and transfers part of them from a more risky group to a group with a lower risk. However, this entails a decrease in the bank's potential profit, since assets with lower risk also have lower income compared to operations with a higher degree of risk.

In general, an increase in a bank’s equity capital increases reliability and creates conditions for increasing the deposit base, and, consequently, for expanding active profitable operations.

It should not be forgotten that, when choosing between different sources of financing, a commercial bank must take into account the relative costs and risk associated with each of the available sources, the bank's overall exposure to risk, the impact of the chosen method of raising capital on shareholder returns, and the impact of government regulation ( tax system, Central Bank of Russia).

Another problem for regional banks arises mainly from the lack of interbank lending, since regional banks have extremely limited access to government resources. As is known, one of the main factors for ensuring the stability of the banking sector is the presence of an effective mechanism for regulating bank liquidity. Moreover, this mechanism should include not only actually working refinancing instruments

The Central Bank, and, above all, a clearly organized interbank credit market, since interbank lending is the main way of redistributing funds between banks. Everyone knows this phrase - money should “work”, i.e. generate income, especially in a bank. But in reality, surprisingly, not all money in banks “works”. All banks have short-term obligations to clients (funds in current accounts, short-term deposits, deposits, etc.). Since they can be demanded by the client at any time, they cannot be used for lending to corporate clients or individuals.

The main difficulties in the interaction of banks in the interbank credit market are the risk of non-repayment of funds and the distrust of banks in each other. Therefore, many banks, to play it safe, keep excess funds in their correspondent accounts. The cautious position of banks in placing free funds on the interbank credit market is evidenced by the stable interest of credit institutions in placing them in Bank of Russia deposits, while interest rates on them are lower than interbank lending rates.

As a result, despite the general sufficiency of banking liquidity, some banks suffer from its lack, while others are unable to place funds in profitable assets.

The center of the Russian interbank lending market is in Moscow, i.e. Regional banks in most cases enter into transactions with Moscow credit institutions rather than with each other. Regional markets for interbank credit are still in their infancy; banks have virtually no interregional connections.

To prevent crisis situations and significant fluctuations in interest rates in the interbank market, a model of an effective mechanism for reducing banking risks is needed, based on certain principles:

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Women love change, so what should you experiment with if not with your hair? Curl, straighten, dye, cut - all this is easy and simple to do. But growing hair quickly, literally in a few hours, was not possible before.

But, fortunately, hair extensions have recently become available, which allow you to change your appearance quickly and painlessly. Any woman can choose the appropriate method, depending on the characteristics of her hair.

Artificial curls help increase the length and thickness of hair.

from nature. The procedure will give the missing volume;
Change of image. If you have always dreamed of, but could not grow them, then extensions will help add length to the desired level;
Extensions can be dyed so as not to harm your hair;
You can use hair extensions to create an unusual hairstyle for any special event.

Contraindications

Of course, not everything is rosy, and hair extensions have their drawbacks. The procedure has a number of restrictions under which its implementation is undesirable or prohibited:

, psoriasis or seborrhea.
Allergic reaction to any materials used during extensions.
It is not recommended to use hair extensions after a hormonal imbalance or for pregnant and lactating women. In this case, the load on weakened, brittle hair can lead to increased hair loss.
Too much . If the length of your own strands is less than 5 cm, then the extension may be of poor quality and short-lived.
Very damaged or fragile hair.
Baldness, or alopecia.
Infectious, fungal diseases.
If the scalp is damaged, then you need to wait for it to heal and only then begin extensions.

Types of hair used in extensions

One of the most important points in the procedure is the question - what material is the extension made from, where does the hair come from for all the manipulations?

The answer is simple: hair is purchased from girls who have decided to get rid of their hair. Most often, women from Eastern Europe, Asia and India who live in poor families donate hair. They have to carefully care for their hair in order to sell it back at a higher price.

It is difficult to say unequivocally which hair type is the best. Each type of strand has its own thickness, color and structure, so you need to select them individually, depending on the characteristics of your own hair.

In our country, Slavic hair type is most often chosen. To ensure the quality of the material used, you need to wash your hair - high-quality raw materials will retain its original neat appearance.

Slavic hair. The most popular and expensive, they have an even, smooth cuticle, so the strands look gorgeous even without any processing. They can be straight, curly or kinky, and tolerate blow-drying or hair styling very well.

Slavic hair is manageable and can be used to create any original hairstyle. Best suited for those with Slavic appearance.

European hair. In fact, they are brought not only from European countries, but also from India and Latin America. Their quality and price are not as high as those of the Slavic ones.

The strands undergo mandatory acid treatment, then are dyed and filled with silicone. In this case, the hair scales are removed completely or partially. The European type is suitable for girls with thick, porous, coarse and voluminous hair.

Southern Russian strands. They have an optimal price/quality ratio. As the name suggests, hair is collected in southern Russia and Siberia. Such strands are unpretentious and obedient, with proper care serve for a long time. Soft and elastic, but not very thick strands are not suitable for girls with thick, thick hair.

Asian. They are delivered from Korea and China. Hair may look luxurious, but in reality, its quality is usually poor. These are the most inexpensive strands.

The curls are treated with a special compound that helps get rid of hair flakes, then they are sanded, dyed and coated with silicone. To preserve the beauty of such hair longer, you have to take care of it more carefully.

Preparing for hair extensions

To choose the type of hair, its color and length, extension technology, you must consult with a professional.

Note! Before carrying out the procedure, it is advisable to wet the strands to check their quality.

To prepare your hair for extensions, you need to thoroughly wash and dry it. It is prohibited to use masks, conditioners and balms.

The procedure itself takes 2-4 hours, so be prepared to spend half a day in the hairdresser's chair.

Types of hair extensions

Hair extensions are extremely relevant, because in just a few hours a woman can completely change her appearance and enjoy long hair. You can do a variety of hairstyles, curl your hair, braid your hair.

Correction is usually required 2-6 months after the procedure to replace some strands. Hair extensions are suitable for any woman with a length of 5–10 cm, depending on the type of procedure chosen.

Capsule hair extensions

The second name for this extension is Italian. IN Lately it is becoming increasingly popular due to its aesthetic characteristics - the capsules are barely noticeable on the hair.

The extensions are attached to natural hair using a melted keratin capsule. This substance is part of the hair structure, so its use does not cause any harm. The extension occurs in thin strands that are hardly noticeable even if you look closely. A total of 100 – 125 strands are required.

Benefits of capsule hair extensions:

The capsules are almost invisible, have a natural look, so you can do any hairstyle with them: straighten, curl, dye and tint strands, twist them with curlers and do.
It is possible to add strands to the bangs, parting and temples; they look natural and do not comb out.
The capsules do not change depending on the temperature, there are no restrictions on visiting the sauna and solarium.
Easy to care for hair - this type of hair can be washed and blow-dried frequently.
Capsule extensions provide not only length, but also the missing thickness. The capsules are attached all over the head, while they look like their own.

Capsule extensions are not suitable for those with thin, weakened hair that is prone to hair loss. The extension procedure can aggravate the problem.

Disadvantages of capsule extensions:

Keratin capsules may slip from their original position.
Special hair care that gets on the capsules can destroy them.
For those with oily scalp under the influence sebum The destruction of keratin plates occurs, reducing the wear time of donor curls.
Immediately after extensions, it may be uncomfortable to lie down; the capsules will be felt on the hair and bring discomfort.

English extension technique

This also applies to hot extension techniques, but here a special gun is used that heats the keratin to the optimal temperature. The procedure is considered gentle and harmless.

The minimum length required for English hair extensions must be more than 6 cm, otherwise the donor strands will be noticeable. After the procedure, you will have to say goodbye to thermal treatments for your hair and body; irons, hot curlers and curling irons can melt the capsules, as well as saunas and steam baths.

Keratin capsules lose their strength under the influence of masks and balms. English extensions last no more than 3 months.

German extension technology (Bellargo)

Bellargo– This is a type of hot hair extension. The strands are attached using a special device with two thermal clamps onto small sleeves. At the same time, the hair is not damaged because it does not heat up. In total, 25–100 strands are needed for extensions.

The disadvantages of this method of extension are the need for special care: some types cosmetics provoke loss of donor strands. Not all styles are suitable because the sleeves can be noticeable on tall hairstyles.

You cannot remove extensions on your own - there is a risk of damaging your own hair.

Tape hair extensions

Refers to cold extension methods, where thermal effects are excluded. To carry out the procedure, a special adhesive composition is used, which is suitable even for thin, weakened hair.

This method is one of the fastest - literally in 1–2 hours a professional can perform high-quality hair extensions. The effect of the procedure can last up to one year if you properly care for your hair.

At the same time, there are no restrictions on what you can do with your hair: you can go to the solarium, swimming pool, sauna. Cold extensions have less negative effects on hair than hot extensions.

Disadvantages of tape extensions:

When creating tall and complex hairstyles, hair bands may be noticeable.
If the master does not have enough experience, then improperly glued donor strands can fall out, sometimes causing the loss of your own curls.
A poorly performed procedure can cause tangles to form.
The adhesive composition can negatively affect the hair and scalp.

All the disadvantages of tape hair extensions relate to a violation of the technology of the procedure; if it is performed correctly, there should be no such problems. In total, about 80 ribbons of donor hair are used.

There are only two types of tape hair extensions: Spanish and Japanese. They both belong to cold extensions.

Spanish technique involves the use of an adhesive composition, which contains a white or black dye, selected to match the hair color. This type of extension is often used by girls with blond hair, because the place of the extension will be unnoticeable, while you can maintain your usual hair care, visit baths and saunas without fear of being left without hair, and of course, you can dye and lighten your hair with this type of extension.

The Spanish extension technique allows you to wear strands for up to 4 months, after which correction or removal of false curls may be required.

In Japanese hair extensions special metal beads, clamps and clips are used. It is thanks to them that donor curls are attached to the hair roots. Small strands are threaded with a special hook through clamps that are clamped with pliers. No glue is used; fixatives are chosen depending on the shade of the hair.

Correction is carried out after 2–3 months, as the hair grows. This type of extension is suitable for women with dark, coarse hair. The hairdresser must verify the quality of the procedure two weeks after it is performed.

Extensions with braids

This extension technique is perfect for girls who are worried about ruining their hair. Unlike previous technologies, it does not use any chemicals or temperatures that can harm the hair.

Pigtail extensions are almost invisible, but the donor hair is held tightly. The technology involves braiding a very thin braid across the back of the head, after which tresses are attached to it. Weft is a thin processed strand that resembles a narrow strip. One strand clings to one pigtail.

Correction is carried out as the hair grows: the braid is intertwined to be as close to the scalp as possible, and the tresses are sewn back on, they can be used repeatedly.

Extensions using braids can be done even on fine hair. The procedure is harmless, the braid does not cause any inconvenience, and it does not require a long time. In total, up to 200 tresses may be needed.

The main disadvantages are:

Because of the tresses, it is necessary to limit high styling, hairstyles with partings, so that the braid and strands of hair are not noticeable.
Frequent correction. It has to be done once every 2-3 months as the hair grows.

Brazilian extension

Involves braiding hair from donor and own hair. This is the most modern and gentle way of extension. During the procedure, keratin and hair glue are not used, there is no thermal effect on their structure, and no chemicals are used.

To carry out the procedure, all hair is divided into 4 approximately equal squares. Curls begin to grow from the lower occipital part. In this case, the width of the strand should not exceed 5 millimeters; it is better to use a thin comb to separate the partings.

Donor strands can be artificial or natural; their width must match your own. A thin regular braid is braided, which is secured with a loop of synthetic thread. The procedure is carried out over the entire head, while weaving occurs from the bottom up.

Correction is done once every 3 months. The only disadvantage of this method of extension is the duration of the procedure.

Ultrasonic extension

This technology was invented in Hollywood. It is recommended for use by those whose hair has been damaged by numerous styling, coloring, and has dry and split ends. The keratin capsule is sealed under the influence of ultrasound, adding volume and giving the hair a well-groomed and attractive look.

In total, about 120 strands are applied, which, with proper care, can be worn for about six months.

Hair on pins

If you don’t have the opportunity to get hair extensions or are afraid of complex care, then hair with clips is an excellent alternative. With their help, you can change your image beyond recognition.

Hair on clips is not afraid of cosmetics; they can be dyed, curled, or blow-dried. Compared to hair extensions, this method is more affordable.

The extensions are secured with pins and clips, so you can do any hairstyle at home yourself. And of course, the main advantage is absolute harmlessness. So you don't have to wonder if extensions will harm your hair.

Disadvantages of hair with clips:

Not suitable for .
The abundance of hairpins brings a feeling of heaviness and causes headache, so it’s best not to wear them every day, but to use them exclusively for important events.
They are not durable, they can come unfastened at the most inopportune moment; it is best to discard them while going to the gym, pool or beach.

Hair extension– a procedure that allows you to change your image beyond recognition in just a few hours. A qualified hairdresser will not only be able to properly extend your hair, but will also give recommendations for their care, which must be followed in order to prolong the effect of the procedure and not harm your own curls.

For banks that do not intend to significantly increase the scale of their activities, equity capital adequacy is considered as a relative indicator. However, this cannot be understood to mean that not particularly ambitious banks may not think at all about increasing their capital; They also have such a need to a certain extent.

Firstly, The position of the regulatory authorities on this matter is known and may lead to further tightening of the requirements for relative capital adequacy, which can be expressed in a variety of indirect ways (changes in the methodology for calculating equity capital taken into account when calculating mandatory ratios, changes in the values of these ratios themselves).

Secondly, an increase in capital may become a necessity because it is needed by specific clients who would like to continue working with the bank if it is able to carry out such operations and on a scale that it is currently unable to do due to limited equity capital. Sufficient capital in this aspect is a good argument in competition.

Third, Inflation leads to the fact that the growth of the bank’s own nominal funds turns out to be a constant necessity.

As for other banks inclined to pursue an aggressive expansionist policy in the markets, for them an increase in equity capital is just as natural necessary condition activities such as attracting new customers and increasing the scale of products (services) offered. The higher the share of equity in the bank's balance sheet structure, the more stable it is. At the same time, an excessively high level of this indicator, as a rule, indicates insufficient development of the bank as a commercial organization.

In the general case, the following rule is true: the bank’s capital (taken into account when calculating mandatory ratios) can be increased not only by increasing its “plus” elements (criminal capital, etc.), but also by reducing its “minus” components. The latter are listed in the Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated February 10, 2003 No. 215-P “On the methodology for determining the own funds (capital) of credit institutions” (clause 2.2, ZLO, 4, 5) (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 215), although the validity of a number deductions from capital prescribed in this Regulation raises serious doubts.

A dynamic increase in a bank's own funds is possible only if all its activities are effectively planned.

Sources of capital growth: opportunities and limitations

There are several such sources. Let's look at the main ones.

I. Additional contributions to the authorized capital, which can be done by previous and (or) new participants (shareholders or shareholders) of the bank. This is the main source of growth of equity capital of Russian banks at the present stage.

This source is attractive, in particular, because it is not associated with the need to pay additional taxes (unlike the method of increasing capital through profits). However, it is very complex: the bank must convince participants, including potential ones, that diverting their funds to replenish the bank’s capital is justified, and proof of this can be provided by providing participants with an acceptable level of income in the form of dividends. Therefore, dividends are the price that a bank must pay if it intends to take advantage of the source of increase in its capital in question; this price may be a heavy burden for the bank.

On this path, there are serious (although, apparently, largely artificial) restrictions for banks to extensively increase their capital. This does not take into account the fact that in the Russian economy at the present stage there is generally little free money that banks could count on attracting to management companies.

Another important problem, also associated with the bank’s charter capital, is that if it is increased in the manner under consideration, the shares of participants in the bank’s ownership may change, which, depending on the circumstances, can have both positive and negative consequences either for the development of the bank as a whole ( redistribution of property is often accompanied by instability), or for certain groups of its participants. The latter are usually afraid of losing influence on the affairs of the bank, therefore, even without the means to increase the authorized capital, they often do not want to attract new participants.

After the bank has managed to find wealthy individuals willing to contribute funds to its management company, and all issues have been preliminary agreed upon with them, it will have to overcome numerous restrictions established both by law and by the Central Bank, and go through justification and approval procedures. The main points to which special attention should be paid have already been covered in Chapter 4 of this textbook.

An option for the considered method of increasing the bank’s capital can be considered raising funds using issuer options. In accordance with Art. 2 of the Federal Law of April 22, 1996 No. 39-Φ3 “On the Securities Market”, an issuer option is an emission registered security that secures the right of its owner to purchase, within the period specified in it and (or) upon the occurrence of the circumstances specified in it, a certain number of shares the issuer of such an option (the right to convert into shares) at the price specified in the issuer's option. In this case, the placement price of shares in fulfillment of the requirements for the issuer's options is determined in accordance with the price determined in such an option.

The capital of individual (problem) banks can be increased using the mechanisms prescribed in the Federal Law of July 18, 2009 No. 181-FZ "On the use of government securities of the Russian Federation to increase the capitalization of banks", the document of the Government of the Russian Federation "Rules for banks to send proposals for participation in the procedure increasing capitalization and making a decision to satisfy (refuse to satisfy) the bank’s proposal to participate in the procedure for increasing capitalization" (approved by Resolution No. 853 dated October 29, 2009) and the Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated November 12, 2009 No. 347-P "On the procedure for payment of the authorized capital of banks federal loan bonds, as well as on the procedure for issuing preferred and ordinary shares placed as part of the procedure for increasing capitalization."

The speed at which the bank increases its capital is also important. The fact is that the new size of the management company also means new problems with its placement, with the number of clients served and their requests, with new banking products (technologies), with planning of all activities of the organization, with the qualifications and skills of responsible employees, etc. Taking this into account, it would be imprudent to increase the authorized capital (as well as the entire equity capital) at an excessively high, spasmodic pace, i.e. such that will significantly outpace the pace of development of other aspects of the bank’s life, as a result of which the bank simply will not be able to “digest” the sharply increased amount of capital.

II. Profit is also an important source of increasing banks' own capital. Only profits confirmed by an auditor's report are included in banks' fixed capital.

If a bank wants to include profits and funds of the current (not yet completed) financial year in its fixed capital, then it will have to conduct intermediate audits, which is not cheap. Profits and funds not confirmed by an auditor can only be included in additional capital.

Under normal conditions, capital is largely formed from special funds generated within the bank and other own resources. This way of increasing capital is relatively quick and economical; it allows the bank to bypass some complex procedures for registering an increase in the capital, avoid large costs for issuing new shares and losses associated with the fact that funds used to replenish the capital of a joint-stock bank are temporarily frozen in a savings account with the Central Bank RF. It is also important that an increase in capital from internal sources, as already noted, does not pose the risk of existing participants losing control over the bank and restrains the fall in their share in ownership and the reduction of dividends per share (share).

However, this path is also not without its drawbacks. Thus, the ability to earn a profit and ensure acceptable profitability depends on external economic conditions, which the bank, as a rule, cannot control, which often makes increasing capital through internal sources (profit) problematic.

III. Attracting subordinated loans(deposits, loans, bond issues). This method was not widely developed before the crisis, although it may seem preferable to investors who are ready to invest in a bank for a long period of time, but not as a shareholder or shareholder. For a bank, this form of capital increase may be attractive because its use is equivalent to obtaining a long-term loan and does not entail a change in the ownership structure.

The conditions that a standard subordinated loan (deposit, loan, bond issue) must meet are set out in clause 2 of Art. 50.39 of Law No. 40-FZ and in clause 3.5 of the Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 215. Such a loan (deposit, loan, bond loan), received for a period of at least 5 years, is included in the calculation of the borrower bank’s own funds as an element of its additional capital, if the corresponding loan agreement fully complies with the norms of the Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 215 and the possibility of their subsequent changes is excluded (the examination of the agreement is carried out by the TU of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation). Such inclusion is made according to the following scheme (if the period for granting such a credit, deposit, loan, or the repayment period of the bonded loan is more than 5 years): for a period exceeding 5 years until the parties fully fulfill their obligations under the agreement - in the full amount; in the last 5 years until the parties fully fulfill their obligations under the agreement - at the residual value. In any case, the amount of a subordinated loan (deposit, loan) received for a period of less than 10 years, included in additional capital, cannot exceed 50% of the fixed capital.

Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 215 (subclause 2.1.12) also allows for the possibility of the borrowing bank receiving a so-called subordinated loan as part of its fixed capital with additional conditions for a period of at least 30 years and subject to certain special conditions. The amount of such a loan cannot exceed 15% of the bank’s fixed capital.

In the context of the financial crisis that began in Russia in 2008, some banks were given the opportunity to receive a special type of subordinated loans (loans) on the basis of the anti-crisis Federal Law of October 13, 2008 No. 173-Φ3 “On additional measures to support the financial system of the Russian Federation.” Specifically, this meant loans from the Bank of Russia to the Savings Bank of the Russian Federation and loans from Sberbank of the Russian Federation and Vnesheconombank to other credit organizations.

Finally, it should be borne in mind that an increase in the size of the bank’s charter capital must be recorded in its constituent document in the form of making the necessary changes and additions to it and, after all possible approvals with the Bank of Russia (its technical specifications), registered by it, and the latter involves the need to go through a whole complex procedures, while observing a lot of formal and informal conditions, including legally established restrictions.

Thus, among the ways to increase the size of banks' own capital, there is not a single “simple” one.

Practice issues

In Fig. Table 7.1 presents actual data on the size and composition of the capital of Russian banks.

In 2011, the own funds (capital) of operating credit institutions increased by 10.8% (in 2010 - by 2.4%) and as of 01/01/2012 reached 5242.1 billion rubles. As a result of more intensive growth of nominal GDP compared to banks' own funds, the ratio of banking sector capital to GDP decreased over the year from 10.5 to 9.6%. The ratio of capital to assets of the banking sector also decreased (from 14 to 12.6%). In 2011, the absolute growth of own funds in the banking sector as a whole amounted to 509.8 billion rubles, which is 4.6 times more than in the previous year (111.7 billion rubles). In 2011, the structure of sources of capital growth changed. The main one was profit and the funds formed from it (growth - 494.9 billion rubles, or 67.1% of the amount of sources of capital growth). Growth of authorized capital and share premium – 184.5 billion rubles. (25% of the amount of growth sources). In 2010, these sources increased by 115 billion rubles. The main factor reducing the sources of capital in 2011 were investments of credit institutions in shares of subsidiaries and dependent legal entities and the authorized capital of resident credit institutions (78% of the amount of sources of reduction).

In conditions of capital growth in the banking sector as a whole, a number of credit institutions experienced a capital reduction. In 2011, a decrease in capital was noted in 126 credit institutions for a total amount of 155.8 billion rubles, or 15.4% of the capital of these banks (in 2010 - in 161 banks in the amount of 185.9 billion rubles, or 6 .4% of their capital). The largest decrease in capital was observed in certain state-controlled banks and some banks controlled by foreign capital. Their capital decreased by 89 and 44 billion rubles. respectively; As of January 1, 2012, these banks accounted for 8.7 and 4% of the total capital of the banking sector. By group of credit institutions, the sources of growth of own funds differed somewhat. In the group of state-controlled banks, the main factors of capital growth were profit and funds formed from it (55.6% of the amount of growth sources), as well as an increase in the authorized capital and share premium (total - 32.9%). The capitalization of banks controlled by foreign capital increased mainly due to the capitalization of profits (82.5%) and share premium (12%). The capitalization of large private banks increased mainly due to profits and funds formed from them (69.9%), reduction of losses (8.7%) and growth of authorized capital (7.8%). In the group of medium and small banks in the Moscow region, own funds grew due to authorized capital (36.5%), subordinated loans (33.4%), profit and funds formed from it (17.9%). The capitalization of medium and small regional banks increased mainly due to the growth of authorized capital (34.9%), reduction in losses (18.1%), growth in profit and funds formed from it (11.8%). In Fig. Figure 7.2 shows the dynamics of capital of Russian banks.

Report of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the development of the banking sector and banking supervision in 2011. M.: Publishing House of the Bank of Russia. 2012.

See: Report of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the development of the banking sector and banking supervision in 2011. M.: Publishing House of the Bank of Russia. 2012.