What determines daily energy consumption? The quantitative side of nutrition

Determination of average daily energy consumption.

The human body is a balanced system. This means that for its life activity it must consume as much energy as it expends. That is, it is necessary to maintain a balance between the consumption and consumption of energy resources. Failure to comply with this rule leads to malfunctions of the body, which ultimately causes various types of diseases. Having separated from nature and having lost many of the natural senses that should regulate the life of a living being, a person is forced to control the quantity and calorie content of his food through consciousness. A conscious and reasonable attitude towards your diet is one of the main conditions for the health, longevity and beauty of the human body.

When starting to compile your diet, you must first calculate its energy saturation (calorie content), based on this, determine the qualitative composition (amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates) and select the composition of the products.

The average daily calorie requirement of a person ranges from 2000 to 5000 kcal and depends on age, height, gender, body weight, physical activity and health status. If a person is sick, then to create a diet he needs to consult a nutritionist. For, in this case, food must correspond to medicinal purposes.
A person spends about 1500 - 2000 kilocalories per day with a sedentary lifestyle And. Even during sleep, 0.6 - 1 kcal/hour is consumed for every kilogram of the sleeping person’s weight. In 8 hours of sleep, a person weighing 75 kg loses 360 - 600 kcal.

Table 1 shows the values ​​of the minimum amount of energy required for the life of the human body with complete physical and psychological rest in comfortable temperature conditions - 20 0 C.

Table 1. Minimum amount of energy (kilocalories/day) required for the life of the body with complete physical and psychological rest and an ambient temperature of 20 0 C.
For men For women

Body weight in kg.	18 = 29 years	30 - 39 years old	40 - 59 years old	Over 60 years old	Body weight in kg.	18 - 29 years old	30 - 39 years old	40 - 59 years old	Over 60 years old
50	1450	1370	1280	1180	40	1080	1050	1020	960
55	1520	1430	1350	1240	45	1150	1120	1080	1030
60	1590	1500	1410	1300	50	1230	1190	1160	1100
65	1670	1570	1480	1360	55	1300	1260	1220	1160
70	1750	1650	1550	1430	60	1380	1340	1300	1230
75	1830	1720	1620	1500	65	1450	1410	1370	1290
80	1920	1810	1700	1570	70	1530	1490	1440	1360
85	2010	1900	1780	1640	75	1600	1550	1510	1430
90	2110	1990	1870	1720	80	1680	1630	1580	1500

Table taken from source:______

Source: http://www.bestpravo.ru/federalnoje/bz-dokumenty/c5o.htm

As a person's physical activity increases, energy consumption increases. It is very difficult to accurately determine the daily number of kilocalories consumed by a person in the process of his activity. The difficulty is due to the fact that numerous factors influence this. It is almost impossible to take into account all the factors influencing energy metabolism in the body. Moreover, many of them (feelings, emotions, stress, mental activity) cannot be expressed numerically. In addition, each human body has its own individual characteristics.

However, there are many different methods and recommendations for approximately determining the daily amount of energy a person needs. Below are some of them.

1. Having selected from Table 1 the minimum energy consumption corresponding to age, body weight and gender, it must be multiplied by the coefficient of physical activity. The value of the physical activity coefficient depends on the type of human activity. For people living in the territory of the former Soviet Union, we can recommend choosing a physical activity coefficient from the document officially valid in Russia “Norms of physiological needs for nutrients and energy for various population groups.” This document is well developed at a fairly high scientific level. Below is an excerpt from this document. From it, a person can determine which group of physical activity he belongs to and what value of the physical activity coefficient he should choose.

« The entire adult population, depending on the amount of energy expenditure, is divided into 5 groups for men and 4 groups for women, taking into account production physical activity and other energy expenditure.

Group I (very low physical activity; men and women) - predominantly mental workers, physical activity coefficient - 1.4 (civil servants, scientists, teachers, school teachers, students, medical specialists, psychologists, dispatchers, service operators Computers, programmers, employees of financial, economic, legal and administrative services, employees of design bureaus, advertising and information services, architects and engineers, workers of museums, archives, librarians, insurance service specialists, dealers, brokers, sales and purchasing agents, patent experts, designers, travel agency workers, information services and other related activities);

Group II (low physical activity; men and women) - workers engaged in light work, physical activity coefficient - 1.6 (urban transport drivers, workers in the food, textile, clothing, radio-electronic industries, conveyor operators, weighers, packers, railway transport drivers, local doctors, surgeons, nurses, salespeople, catering workers, hairdressers, housing maintenance workers, art restorers, guides, photographers, radio and television technicians and operators, customs inspectors, police and patrol officers and other related activities );

Group III (average physical activity; men and women) - workers of moderate labor, physical activity coefficient - 1.9 (mechanics, adjusters, machine operators, drillers, drivers of electric cars, excavators, bulldozers and other heavy equipment, greenhouse workers, plant growers, gardeners, fisheries workers and other related activities);

Group IV (high physical activity; men and women) - workers of heavy physical labor, physical activity coefficient - 2.2 (construction workers, loaders, workers maintaining railway tracks and repairing roads, workers in forestry, hunting and agriculture, woodworkers, athletes, metallurgists, blast furnace workers, foundry workers and other related activities);

Group V (very high physical activity; men) - workers of particularly heavy physical labor, physical activity coefficient - 2.5 (highly qualified athletes during the training period, machine operators and agricultural workers during the sowing and harvesting period, miners and tunnelers, miners, fellers foresters, concrete workers, masons, non-mechanized loaders, reindeer herders and other related activities.»

Source: http://www.bestpravo.ru/federalnoje/bz-dokumenty/c5o.htm

1. The minimum amount of energy required for the functioning of the body can also be determined using formulas presented by various authors. Below is one such equation proposed by Mifflin St Jeor:

N= (10 × G+ 6.25 × H- 5 × T+ 5) x K kcal/per day - for men
N= (10 × G+ 6.25 × H- 5 × T- 161) xK kcal/per day - for women

To determine the required daily amount of kilocalories, you need to substitute your weight G - in kilograms, height H = in centimeters and age T - in years. Coefficient is determined by a person’s physical activity. In the absence of physical activity K=1.2. With light physical activity (light physical work 1-3 times a week) K=1.375. Average physical activity (muscular work 3-5 days a week) K=1.55. With heavy physical work 6-7 days a week, K = 1.725. In the case of exhausting work (for example, intensive preparation for sports competitions) K = 1.9.

The above formula is the most modern (2005).
However, we must remember that the calculation results obtained from it are also approximate and indicative.

1. A somewhat greater accuracy of daily energy consumption can be obtained as follows. Consistently track and record all your actions during the day, recording the time spent on them. Then, by table 2 find the number of kilocalories that need to be spent to perform these actions. This table provides data on energy expenditure (the number of kilocalories expended per hour for each kilogram of a person’s weight) depending on the action performed. By multiplying the tabular data by your weight and time (in hours or fractions of an hour), we get the energy spent on this action. The body's daily energy expenditure will be equal to the sum of the energy expenditure for all your actions during the day.

table 2
ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AN ADULT ON VARIOUS TYPES OF ACTIVITIES

Type of physical activity (for men)	Energy costs Kcal/hour x kg weight	Type of physical activity (for women)	Energy costs Kcal/hour x kg weight
Dream	1,0	Dream	1,0
Rest lying down	1,2	Rest lying down	1,2
Rest while sitting	1.2	Rest while sitting	1,4
Rest standing	1,4	Rest standing	1,5
Morning toilet	1,8	Morning toilet	1,8
Food	1,5	Food	1,7
Walking around the house	2,5	Walking around the house	2,4
Walk slow	2,8	Walk slow	3,0
Walking at a normal pace	3,2	Walking at a normal pace	3,4
Walking 6 km/hour	3,9	Walking 6 km/hour	4,2
Walking with a 10 kg load	3,5	Walking with a 10 kg load	4,0
Uphill climb (slope 15 0)	4,7	Uphill (15 0)	4,6
Fast uphill	7,5	Fast uphill	6,6
The descent from the mountain is slow	2,8	The descent from the mountain is slow	2,3
The descent from the mountain is fast	3,6	The descent from the mountain is fast	3,4
Running 8 km/h	6,9	Running 8 km/h	6.9
Running 10 km/h	8,4	Running 10 km/h	8,4
Running 12 km/hour	11,4	Running 12 km/h	11,4
Cross-country running. terrain	8,6	Cross-country running. terrain	8,6
Climbing stairs	7,7	Climbing stairs	7,4
A ride on the bicycle	7,7	A ride on the bicycle	7,7
Car driving
Driving a scooter
Driving to the mountains transport	1,7	Driving to the mountains transport	1,5
Riding in a taxi	0,9	Riding in a taxi	0,9
Household chores	3,3	Household chores	3,3
Cooking food	2,2	Cooking food	2,2
Gardening	2,3	Gardening	2,3
Walking with children	3,6	Walking with children	3,6
Digging beds	5,3	Digging beds	5,3
Office work	1,4	Office work	1,4
Working at the computer	1,7	Working at the computer	1,7
Lawn mowing	3,3	Lawn mowing	3,3
Reading books and studying	1,6	Reading books and studying	1,6
Lesson activities	1,9	Lesson activities	1,8
Break between classes	2,8	Break between classes	2,5
Wood chopping	6,9	Wash	3,4
Light gymnastics exercises	3,4	Light gymnastics exercises	3,2
Heavy gymnasiums. exercises	7,5	Aerobics	5,2
Jumping rope	9,1	Jumping rope	7,7
Swimming	7,0	Swimming	7,0
Horseback riding	5,6	Horseback riding	5,6
Skiing	7,4	Skiing	7,4
Roller skating	4,2	Roller skating	4,2
Skating	3,6	Skating	3,6
Tennis game	5,8	Tennis game	5,8
Dancing slow	3,2	Dancing slow	3,2
Dancing fast	7,2	Dancing fast	7,2

The table is compiled based on sources:_______________________________________________

If, when calculating using the three above methods, different results are obtained, the final result can be determined as the arithmetic mean.

In old age, energy expenditure decreases and by the age of 80 it amounts to 8373-9211 kJ (2000-2200 kcal).

During mental work, energy consumption is significantly lower than during physical work. Difficult mathematical calculations, working with a book and other forms of mental work, if they are not accompanied by movement, cause an insignificant (2-3%) increase in energy expenditure compared to complete rest. However, in most cases, various types of mental work are accompanied by muscular activity, especially when the worker is emotionally excited (lecturer, artist, writer, speaker, etc.), therefore energy expenditure can be relatively large. The experienced emotional arousal can cause an increase in metabolism by 11-19% over the next few days.

Specific dynamic action of food

After eating, the metabolic rate and energy consumption of the body increase compared to their basal metabolic rate. An hour after eating, an increase in metabolism and energy begins, reaches a maximum after 3 hours and persists for several hours. The enhancing effect of food on metabolism and energy expenditure is called the specific dynamic effect of food.

Protein foods have the greatest impact and metabolism increases by an average of 30-40%. Fats and carbohydrates increase a person's metabolism by 14-15%.

Regulation of energy metabolism

The intensity of energy metabolism significantly depends on physical activity, emotional stress, diet, ambient temperature and a number of other factors.

There are numerous facts indicating the conditioned reflex nature of changes in O 2 consumption and energy exchange. In an athlete in the pre-start state, O 2 consumption sharply increases, and, consequently, energy exchange; similar changes are observed under the influence of working environment factors in workers whose activities are associated with muscular efforts (although they have not yet started work). In animal experiments, a previously indifferent stimulus, temporally associated with muscle activity, can serve as a signal to increase metabolism and energy.

All this indicates the conditioned reflex nature of changes in the level of energy metabolism in the body. The hypothalamic region of the brain plays a great role in regulating energy exchange. Here, regulatory influences are formed, and their implementation occurs through the autonomic nerves or through the humoral pathway due to an increase in the secretion of a number of endocrine glands.

A pronounced increase in energy expenditure and an increase in metabolism is caused by the thyroid hormones - thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and the adrenal medulla hormone adrenaline.

To cover the plastic and energy needs of the body, the formation of physiologically active substances, a regular supply of food is required for its digestion, absorption and assimilation. Nutrients are found in food products of animal and plant origin. The nutritional, biological and energy value of food products is determined by the content of nutrients in them: (proteins, fats, carbohydrates), vitamins, mineral salts, water, organic acids, flavors and a number of other substances. Nutrition can be natural or artificial (clinical parenteral and tube enteral). There are also therapeutic and therapeutic-prophylactic nutrition.

Food substances include proteins, fats and carbohydrates; their hydrolysis releases a certain amount of heat (on average for fats - 9.3 kcal/g, or 37 kJ/g, proteins and carbohydrates, 4.1 kcal/g, or 17 kJ) /G). According to the rule of isodynamics, they can be mutually replaced in meeting the energy needs of the body, however, each of the nutrients and their fragments has specific plastic properties and the properties of biologically active substances. Replacing some substances with others in the diet may not last very long, because long-term monotonous nutrition leads to disruption of body functions, and with prolonged, for example, protein-free nutrition, death occurs from protein starvation. Nutrients may contain essential components, which determines their biological value.

The biological value of animal proteins is higher than that of plant proteins (for example, wheat proteins have 52-65%). The digestibility of animal proteins is on average 97%, and vegetable proteins - 83-85%, which also depends on the culinary processing of food.

With the biological value of proteins in mixed food at least 70%, people should have a protein minimum (55-60 g per day), and in order to ensure stability of the nitrogen balance, it is recommended to take 85-90 g of protein per day with food (at least 1 g of protein per 1 kg body weight). For pregnant and breastfeeding women and children, these standards are higher.

Lipids enter the human body as part of all types of animal and plant foods (fats of animal and plant origin). The biological value of lipids depends on the presence of essential fatty acids in them, the ability of digestion and absorption in the digestive tract (assimilation). Butter and pork fat are digestible by 93-98%, beef - 80-94%, sunflower oil - 86-90%, margarine - 94-98%.

Carbohydrates enter the body mainly in the form of polysaccharides from plant foods; they are used to meet energy needs. On average, a person takes 400-500 g of carbohydrates per day, of which 350-400 g is starch, 50-100 g are mono- and disaccharides. Excess carbohydrates are stored as fat.

Vitamins should be an essential component of food. The norms of their consumption depend on age, gender, type of work activity, and a number of other factors. The daily requirement for water for an adult is 21-43 ml/kg, the minimum daily requirement for a person weighing 70 kg is about 1700 ml, of which he receives about 630 ml in the form of water and drinks, 750 ml from food and 320 ml is formed during metabolic (oxidative) processes. Insufficient water intake causes dehydration of the body, which varies in severity depending on the level of dehydration. Death occurs when 1/3-1/4 of the total amount of water in the body is lost, which accounts for about 60% of body weight. Excessive water intake causes overhydration, which can lead to water intoxication. The great physiological significance of macro- and microelements has determined the mandatory norms of their consumption for different groups of the population.

The theory of balanced nutrition is currently accepted. A balanced, nutritious diet implies optimal compliance of the amount of all food components with the physiological needs of the body (A.A. Pokrovsky).

In our country, it is customary to distinguish five groups of labor intensity for men and four for women (see table above).

When the daily energy value (calorie content) of food regularly exceeds energy expenditure, the amount of fat deposited in the body increases (100 g of a bun - 300 kcal). Daily consumption of such a bun in excess of the norm leads to the accumulation of 15-30 g of fat in the human body, which over the course of a year can lead to the deposition of 5.4-10.8 kg of fat in the depot.

The diet should be balanced in terms of protein, fat and carbohydrates. The average ratio of their mass is 1:1.2:4, energy value - 15:30:55%, which satisfies the energy and plastic needs of the body, compensates for consumed proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Imbalance of nutrients is accompanied by metabolic disorders. Thus, with prolonged protein deficiency, not only body weight decreases, but also a person’s physical and mental performance decreases. Excess nutrition and an increase in fats in the diet, especially animals, cause obesity (exceeding the proper body weight by 15% or more). It affects almost all physiological systems of the body, but more often and earlier the cardiovascular (atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, etc.), digestive, endocrine (including reproductive), and water-salt metabolism is disrupted. Excessive intake of dietary sugar predisposes to the development of diabetes mellitus, dysbacteriosis, dental caries, etc. The diet should balance essential and non-essential amino acids, fats with different saturations of fatty acids, carbohydrates, ballast substances in the form of dietary fiber (cellulose, pectin, etc.), products of animal and plant origin, vitamins and minerals, which are correlated (balanced) with the consumption and needs of the body depending on age, gender, type of work, time of year and a number of other factors affecting metabolism.

In a balanced diet, it is important to regularly eat at the same time of day, split meals, and distribute them between breakfast, lunch, and dinner. With 3 meals a day, the first two meals account for 2/3 of the daily energy value of food and dinner - 1/3. Often the daily diet according to energy value is distributed as follows: breakfast - 25-30%, lunch - 45-50%, dinner - 20-25%. The time between breakfast and lunch, lunch and dinner should be 5-6 hours, between dinner and going to bed - 3-4 hours. These periods provide for the height of activity of the digestive functions, digestion and absorption of the main amount of food taken. It is more rational to eat 5 meals a day. With 5 meals a day, the first breakfast accounts for about 25% of the calories of the daily diet, the second breakfast - 5-10% (light snack - fruit, tea), for lunch - about 35%, for the afternoon snack - 25%, for dinner - 10%. The actual distribution of the daily ration has significant differences due to climatic conditions, work activity, traditions, habits and a number of other factors.

A.M. Ugolev proposed a theory of adequate nutrition, which adopted the postulate of the theory of balanced nutrition about the correspondence of energy consumption and its intake into the body as part of nutrients. According to this theory, nutrition replenishes the molecular composition, energy and plastic expenditures of the body, therefore it is important that the set and properties of nutrients correspond to the enzymatic and isoenzyme spectrum of the digestive system. Such adequacy (compliance) must be in cavity and membrane digestion; nutrients absorbed from the intestines must also be adequate mechanisms of resorption.

The theory emphasizes the three-stage nature of digestion and the need for individual and species-specific adequacy of nutrition to all three of its stages.

An example of their inconsistency is various enzymopathies, for example lactase deficiency. In this case, milk in the diet is an inadequate type of food. Particular attention in theory is paid to the multi-purpose use of ballast substances in food.

The author of the theory of adequate nutrition considers the organism that assimilates food substances as a “superorganism”, which, like the host organism, has its own endoecology formed by the intestinal microflora. The primary flow of food nutrients is formed as a result of its digestion and absorption. In addition, there is a flow of secondary nutrients resulting from the activity of intestinal microorganisms. This activity is determined by endogenous and exogenous (composition and properties of food taken, its absorption in the digestive tract) factors.

Depending on them, something “gets” or “does not get” to microorganisms and causes a change in their quantity, composition, properties, flow of secondary nutrients into the blood and lymph, including irreplaceable, biologically active substances and toxins.

From food components, as a result of their hydrolysis and transformation with the participation of microorganisms, substances are formed that regulate the activity of the physiological systems of the body. Due to this, food has not only the properties of nutrients with their energy and plastic value, but also the ability to change many physiological processes (including behavior, protective, including immune, mechanisms) within a fairly wide range.

Consideration of the theory of adequate nutrition as an integral part of the doctrine of the process of food assimilation by all living systems, the discovery of common mechanisms for the implementation of nutrition among them led A.M. Ugolev to the need to combine these issues in one science, which he called trophology.

The subject of trophology is “the general patterns of assimilation of vital substances at all levels of organization of living systems - from cells, organs and organisms to the corresponding connections in the population, biocenoses and biosphere” (A.M. Ugolev).

Nutrition standards

Currently, our country has adopted “Norms for physiological needs for nutrients and energy for various groups of the population.” This is an official regulatory document for planning the production and consumption of food, assessing food reserves, developing social protection measures to ensure health, and calculating the rations of organized groups. These standards are widely used in medical practice.

It is stipulated that the energy value of the daily diet must correspond to and compensate for the daily energy costs of certain population groups. 5 groups of men and 4 groups of women were identified. In each group of the adult population there are 3 age subgroups from 18 to 59 years. Additionally, two subgroups of elderly and senile people (60-74, 75 years and over) were introduced.

Considering that each food product has a certain energy value, and using these tables, you can calculate the energy value of the diet and all its components.

Each of the population groups identified by physical activity, gender and age, taking into account the average absorption of nutrients, has norms for the amount of proteins (including animal proteins - 55%), fats (30% of the total energy value of the diet and 4-6% allocated to essential linoleic acid), carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.

The “Norms” take into account pregnant and lactating mothers for two periods of lactation (1-6 and 7-12 months), who have increased energy costs and, accordingly, the need for nutrients, taking into account their consumption by the fetus, and then by the breastfed child milk.

Lesson No. 3.

Subject:Physiology and pathophysiology of metabolism and energy

Target: develop the ability to determine energy consumption and calculate energy consumption, analyze food intake and motor activity.

Tasks:

systematize knowledge about basic and general metabolism;

develop the ability to determine a person’s daily energy consumption depending on work activity;

develop the ability to calculate energy consumption;

familiarize yourself with the basic principles of compiling and assessing the diet and develop the ability to analyze the diet;

develop the ability to analyze research results;

contribute to the formation of motivation in students for a healthy lifestyle and its implementation.

Materials and equipment: tables with energy consumption standards for various types of activities, including for athletes, a sample menu layout, tables of the chemical composition of food products, a table of the approximate energy value of individual dishes, a table of the mass of the most commonly consumed foods, a table of daily requirements for basic nutrients and energy , calculator.

Questions for self-study

The concept of metabolism and energy. Basic and general metabolism.

General manifestations of metabolic disorders.

Protein metabolism and its regulation. Disorders of protein metabolism.

Lipid metabolism and its regulation. Violation of fat metabolism.

Carbohydrate metabolism and its regulation. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.

Exchange of water and mineral salts, regulation. Violation of the exchange of water and mineral salts.

The relationship of metabolism.

Physiological basis of nutrition.

List of laboratory works

Work No. 1. Determination of daily energy consumption.

Work No. 2. Determination of daily caloric intake.

Literature: 1, 2, 6, 7, 9.

Laboratory works

Job No. 1.Determination of daily energy consumption.

Task: determine daily energy consumption using the time-table method and compare the results with hygienic standards for daily energy consumption for people of different professional backgrounds, assess the intensity of the motor regime.

Theoretical background

The total daily energy consumption consists of the value of the basal metabolism, the work increase, and the energy for the specific dynamic effect of food. The basal metabolic rate is the minimum level of metabolism and energy expenditure. Throughout the day, a person performs different types of work, spending unequal amounts of energy. In this regard, the type of work determines the total energy expenditure of the body.

The timing-tabular method is based on timing, i.e. the time (in minutes) spent on performing various activities during the day.

Modern literature provides hygienic standards for daily energy consumption for people of different professional backgrounds:

Group I– knowledge workers: heads of enterprises, doctors (except surgeons), teachers, scientists, writers, workers in the printing industry, journalists, students.

Daily energy consumption is 2550–2800 kcal for men, 2200–2400 kcal for women, i.e., on average 40 kcal/kg body weight;

Group II– workers of light physical labor (automated line workers, garment workers, agronomists, veterinarians, nurses, sellers of manufactured goods, trainers, physical education instructors).

Daily energy consumption is 3000–3200 kcal for men and 2550–2700 kcal for women; on average 43 kcal;

III group– workers of average labor (drivers, surgeons, food industry workers, food sellers, water transport workers).

Daily energy consumption is 3200–3650 kcal (men) and 2600–2800 kcal (women), per 1 kg of weight on average 46 kcal;

IV group– workers of heavy physical labor (builders, agricultural workers, machine operators, metallurgists, athletes).

Daily energy consumption is 3700–4250 kcal (men) and 3150–2900 kcal (women), 53 kcal/kg body weight;

Group V– persons performing particularly heavy physical labor (steelworkers, lumberjacks, miners, loaders).

Daily energy consumption is 3900–4300 kcal in men (61 kcal/kg); for women this consumption is not standardized. The above energy consumption figures

aimed at men and women of average weight (70 kg and 60 kg, respectively).

For persons 60–74 years old, the average daily energy consumption is 2300 kcal (male), 2100 kcal (female), over 75 years old - 2000 kcal (male) and 1900 kcal (female).

For people involved in sports professionally, there are other standard values ​​of daily energy expenditure, specified by type of sport.

The amount of human muscular effort is one of the factors that makes up a healthy lifestyle, since it is a stimulator of the activity of all organs and systems. The amount of muscle activity in a person can be:

optimal (corresponding to the biological needs of the body);

excessive (hyperkinesia, hyperdynamia)

insufficient (hypokinesia, physical inactivity).

Naturally, a person with an optimal motor mode can have sufficient health reserves.

Work order

Enter into the table in order of priority the types of activities carried out during the previous day, starting in the morning (table 1, column 1).

Indicate the time interval for completing each type of work (Table 1, column 2).

Energy consumption per 1 kg of weight per 1 minute (column 4 of table 1) is determined according to the data in tables 2 and 3 in accordance with the type of activity.

Multiply the total figure for energy consumption (column 5 of Table 1) by body weight, thus obtaining daily energy consumption.

Taking into account the existence of inaccuracies in the calculation method, 15% (unaccounted energy costs) of daily consumption should be added to the resulting figure. To do this, the value obtained in step 5 must be multiplied by 0.15, and then the value of daily energy consumption and unaccounted energy expenditure must be summed up.

Enter the data into the table of the final session protocol.

Table 1 - Determination of daily energy consumption

Types of activities per day	Time from...to	Activity time in min	Energy consumption per 1 kg per 1 min	Energy consumption during activity
				0.0648x20=0.1296
				0.0155x480=7.44

Job№ 2. Determination of daily caloric intake.

Task: draw up a table of your own daily menu for meals (select the day with the most typical diet) and determine the daily calorie intake, get acquainted with the basic principles of compiling and assessing the diet.

Theoretical background

Of great interest is the study of the relationship between the amount of energy supplied with food and released into the external environment. This is the so-called energy balance of the body, the study of which provides material for calculating human diets.

Food contains substances that supply the body with energy (fats and carbohydrates) and building materials (proteins), as well as mineral salts and vitamins. If the body receives an insufficient amount of food for a long time (undernutrition) or receives an excess of energy-rich foods (overeating), we should talk about malnutrition. In order for the diet to be adequate and stabilized, these components must be present in the correct proportions. Rational nutrition should ensure normal functioning of the body, high performance, and in children - correct development.

When compiling a diet, one should take into account the correspondence of the calorie content of the diet to the daily energy expenditure, as well as the optimal amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates for people of this type of work. To determine their percentage in food and the calorie content of 100 g of products, special tables are used.

To determine the daily calorie intake, there are various methods: laboratory, menu layout (calculated).

The laboratory method is used for the appropriate assessment of nutrition in the laboratory of a sanitary and epidemiological station, where, using special techniques, the content of nutrients in food samples taken in canteens, restaurants, cafes in the required quantities in special dishes is determined chemically. It is taken into account that food proteins and carbohydrates supply the body with 4.1 kcal per 1 g, and fats - 9.3 kcal / g.

The most convenient for educational purposes is menu layout method. To do this, fill out the table of your own nutrition according to the sample below (Table 4).

The tables of the chemical composition of food products (Tables 5, 6) provide figures per 100 g of product. It is necessary to recalculate the amount actually consumed.

Work order

Make a table of your own menu in accordance with the sample (Table 4).

Break the dish down into its constituent products, which should be expressed in grams (Table 4, columns 1 and 2, auxiliary table 7).

Break down each product according to all the nutrients it contains, based on the amount of product consumed.

Note: when consuming products in original packaging, copy the calorie content and nutritional content information from those indicated on the label.

Convert the values ​​in column 6 (per 100 g) to the actual amount consumed in column 7.

Calculate in columns the total consumption of all nutrients (proteins, fats, etc.) and calories per day.

Compare the values ​​obtained in step 4 with the standard ones (Table 8).

Calculate energy distribution by meal using your menu table.

Table 4 – Sample menu layout

Names of meals, products and dishes	Quantity, g	Main nutrients, g			Calorie content, kcal	Total calorie content, kcal
				Carbohydrates
Bread with cheese
White bread
Tea with sugar

Decorfinal protocol of lesson No. 3.

Subject: …

Target: …

Materials and equipment: ...

Job No. 1. ...

Work No. 2. ...

Current results are noted and calculations are recorded.

Table - Results of determining energy consumption and calculating energy consumption, analyzing the diet and physical activity

Conclusion: make a general conclusion about the degree of correspondence between energy consumption and energy consumption and the activity of the motor mode.

If there are significant discrepancies, make recommendations for correcting energy consumption (motor mode) and optimizing nutrition.

Questions for self-control

What is called basal metabolism, on what factors does its level depend?

What is called general exchange? What is it made of?

What factors can cause excess body weight?

Table 5

Note. Legend: 0 – absence of a nutrient, determined analytically; “–” – lack of information on nutrient content; Sl. (traces) – the presence of a food substance in quantities of no practical importance; "*" – foreign data; "°" sign – insufficient reliable data; numbers in brackets are data obtained by calculation.

Table 6

Table 7

To provide a person with food that corresponds to his energy expenditure and plastic processes, it is necessary to determine the daily energy expenditure. The unit of measurement of human energy expenditure is taken to be a non-systemic unit of heat quantity - calorie (1 cal = 4.1868 J).

During the day, a person spends energy on the work of internal organs (heart, digestive system, lungs, liver, kidneys, etc.), heat exchange and performing activities such as work, study, housework, walking, rest, etc. The energy spent on the work of internal organs and heat exchange is called basic exchange. At an air temperature of 20 °C, complete rest, on an empty stomach, the basic metabolism is 1 kcal and 1 hour per 1 kg of human body weight. Consequently, basal metabolism depends on body weight, as well as the sex and age of a person (Table 3.1).

To determine a person’s daily energy expenditure, it was introduced physical activity ratio(CFA) is the ratio of total energy expenditure for all types of human life activity with the value of basal metabolism.

The coefficient of physical activity is the main physiological criterion for assigning the population to a particular labor group depending on the intensity of work, i.e. from energy consumption, developed by the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1991.

A total of 5 labor groups have been defined for men and 4 for women. Each work group corresponds to a certain coefficient of physical activity (Table 3.2).

For calculation daily energy expenditure the required basal metabolic rate (corresponding to the age and body weight of the person)

Table 3.1

Table of basal metabolic rate of the adult population depending on weight

body, age and gender*

Men (basal metabolic rate), kcal	Women (basal metabolic rate), kcal
Body weight, kg	18...29 years old	30...39 years	40...59 years	60...74 years	Body weight, kg	18...29 years old	30...39 years	40...59 years	60...74 years
				1 180
			1 350			1 150	1 120
		1 500		1 300			1 190	1 160	1 100
				1 360		1 300	1 260	1 220	1 160
						1 380	1 340
		1 720
			1 700	1 570		1 530
			1 780					1 510
									1 500

* Data developed by the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences and approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor on May 8, 1991, No. 5786 - 91.

century) multiplied by the physical activity coefficient (PAI) of a certain population group.

Group I - workers predominantly in mental labor,
very light physical activity, CFA - 1.4: scientific works
nicks, students of humanities, computer operators,
controllers, teachers, dispatchers, control panel workers
nia, medical workers, accounting workers, secretaries, etc. Daily
energy consumption V depending on gender and age is
1800...2450 kcal.

Group II - workers engaged in light work, light physical activity
ical activity, CFA - 1.6: transport drivers, workers
conveyors, weighers, packers, garment workers, workers

Table 3.2 Correspondence of the physical activity coefficient to labor groups

Men	Women
Labor group	KFA	Labor group	KFA
I	1,4	I	1,4
II	1,6	II	1,6
III	1,9	III	1,9
IV	2,2	IV	2,2
V	2,5	V	-

radio-electronic industry, agronomists, nurses, orderlies, workers communications, service industries, industrial sellers govars etc. Daily energy consumption depending on gender and age is 2,100...2,800 kcal.

III group - workers of average labor, average physical
technical activity, KFA - 1.9: mechanics, adjusters, tuners
ki, machine operators, drillers, drivers of excavators, bulldozers,
coal miners, buses, surgeons, textile workers,
shoemakers, railway workers, food sellers, water workers,
apparatchiks, metallurgists, blast furnace workers, chemical plant workers,
catering workers, etc. Daily energy consumption
gii depending on gender and age is 2,500... 3,300 kcal.

IV group - workers of heavy physical labor, high
physical activity, CFA - 2.2: construction workers, by
drillers, miners, cotton growers, agricultural workers
and machine operators, milkmaids, vegetable growers, woodworkers, metal workers
lurgi, foundry workers, etc. Daily energy consumption depending
depending on gender and age is 2,850... 3,850 kcal.

Group V - workers of particularly heavy physical labor, very
high physical activity, KFA - 2.5: machine operators and agricultural workers
household workers during sowing and harvesting periods, miners, val
scaffolders, concrete workers, masons, diggers, loaders
mechanized labor, reindeer herders, etc. Daily energy consumption
gii depending on gender and age is 3,750...4,200 kcal.

Control questions

1. What is metabolism?

2. What factors influence metabolism?

3. What is the role of labor and physical education in the metabolic process?

4. How does metabolism occur in people of different ages?

5. What determines a person’s daily energy expenditure?

6. What is basal metabolism?

7. What labor group does the cook belong to? What is her consumption?
energy?

To provide a person with food that corresponds to his energy expenditure and plastic processes, it is necessary to determine the daily energy expenditure. The unit of measurement of human energy expenditure is taken to be a non-systemic unit of heat quantity - calorie (1 cal = 4.1868 J).

The energy spent on the work of internal organs and heat exchange is called basic exchange. At an air temperature of 20 °C, complete rest, on an empty stomach, the basic metabolism is 1 kcal per 1 hour per 1 kg of human body weight. Consequently, basal metabolism depends on body weight, as well as on the sex and age of a person (Table 3.1).

To determine a person’s daily energy expenditure, it was introduced physical activity ratio(CFA) is the ratio of total energy expenditure for all types of human life activity with the value of basal metabolism.

The coefficient of physical activity is the main physiological criterion for assigning the population to a particular labor group depending on the intensity of work, i.e. from energy consumption, developed by the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1991.

A total of 5 labor groups have been defined for men and 4 for women. Each work group corresponds to a certain coefficient of physical activity.

For calculation daily energy expenditure it is necessary to multiply the basal metabolic rate (corresponding to the age and body weight of a person) by the physical activity coefficient (PFA) of a certain population group.

Group I - workers predominantly in mental work, very light physical activity, CFA - 1.4: scientists, students of humanities, computer operators, controllers, teachers, dispatchers, control panel workers, medical workers, accounting workers, secretaries, etc. Daily consumption energy depending on gender and age is 1800...2450 kcal.

Group II - workers engaged in light labor, light physical activity, CFA - 1.6: transport drivers, conveyor workers, weighers, packers, garment workers, radio-electronic industry workers, agronomists, nurses, orderlies, communication workers, service workers, sellers of manufactured goods and etc. Daily energy consumption, depending on gender and age, is 2100...2800 kcal.

Group III - workers of moderate labor, average physical activity, CFA - 1.9: mechanics, adjusters, adjusters, machine operators, drillers, drivers of excavators, bulldozers, coal combines, buses, surgeons, textile workers, shoemakers, railway workers, food sellers , water workers, apparatchiks, metallurgists, blast furnace workers, chemical plant workers, catering workers, etc. Daily energy consumption, depending on gender and age, is 2,500... 3,300 kcal.

Group IV - workers of heavy physical labor, high physical activity, CFA - 2.2: construction workers, driller's assistants, tunnelers, cotton pickers, agricultural workers and machine operators, milkmaids, vegetable growers, woodworkers, metallurgists, foundry workers, etc. Daily energy consumption depending on gender and age is 2,850...3,850 kcal.

Group V - workers of particularly heavy physical labor, very high physical activity, CFA - 2.5: machine operators and agricultural workers during the sowing and harvesting periods, miners, timber fellers, concrete workers, masons, diggers, loaders of non-mechanized labor, reindeer herders, etc. Daily consumption energy depending on gender and age is 3,750... 4,200 kcal.