Artificial intelligence - we live in an era of new technologies. Artificial intelligence

Subject scientific research is “Artificial Intelligence: Development Prospects”;

Relevance This topic is the importance of developing artificial intelligence technology for such progressive, today, branches of science as robotics, cybernetics and for faster, more convenient access to world information resources. Artificial intelligence is also necessary for the development of social services and for conducting cyber wars. The last area of ​​​​application of this technology contradicts such principles of the free world as confidentiality of information and the right to secrecy. But unfortunately, this is the area of ​​​​application of artificial intelligence, which occupies one of the leading positions in the demand for this technology, second only to the service sector and business. Due to the tense international situation, the formation of regional conflicts, numerous revolutions and coups d'etat, artificial intelligence is perceived by the governments of many countries either as a threat, if they do not have this technology, or as a weapon, a means of influence.

The positive side of artificial intelligence, together with robotics, is its application in the service sector, and especially social ones. Artificial intelligence, in the body of a high-tech robot, endowed with high moral principles by humans, will take care of the elderly or small children better than any human. He will show maximum attention and care, while eliminating the so-called human factor or, roughly speaking, the negligence of a social service worker. Any innovation needs sponsors, and when it comes to new technologies, these investments become very risky. Such investments pay off over a long period of time. But artificial intelligence is already sponsoring itself. The scheme is as follows: this technology is developed by small startups, commissioned by large transnational companies, whose main business is the processing and possession of huge amounts of information. A striking example of such an IT giant is Google. She and corporations like her are investing huge amounts of money in the development of artificial intelligence. As you can see the relevance this study, does not require proof. This technology covers the most profitable activities of people, war and business. We will never stop fighting and making money, but will only feed these destructive traits of our personality, and if earlier we used weapons and usury to successfully introduce war and develop entrepreneurship, now these functions are being transferred to new technologies, and artificial intelligence in particular.

Humanity, at the current pace of technology development and increasing volumes of information, needs an assistant and not just an assistant, but a reasonable ally, comrade and friend. The role of which should be played by artificial intelligence.

Purpose This research is to develop proposals for more effective implementation of artificial intelligence in the human environment, as well as making forecasts about the possibility of implementing this project.

To achieve the goal of the scientific project, the following were determined: tasks:

1) analyze the dynamics of development of artificial intelligence technology over the past five years.

2) develop scenarios for the introduction of artificial intelligence into the human community.

3) determine possible consequences after the integration of artificial intelligence into human society.

Object of study is artificial intelligence. The subject of the study is to consider the process of introducing and adapting artificial intelligence into human society.

Hypothesis research is the question of the possibility of introducing artificial intelligence into the human community, its adaptation in it and its impact on humans and the world as a whole.

Research methods: reviewing the material, conducting a survey, analyzing the necessary literature, questioning, theoretical analysis.

It all started with the scientific and technological revolution, which served as a powerful impetus for the development of technology. It was then that the transition from industrial society to post-industrial society took place. Nikola Tesla with his alternating current, Alexander Popov with the invention of radio, Alexander Bell - thanks to him, humanity became acquainted with the telephone - are considered geniuses who turned the usual picture of the world upside down.

It is worth mentioning the people who quite recently created or continue to work in this fertile field. Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Elon Musk are outstanding minds who have made, and continue to make, significant contributions to the development of society today. They move our new, high-tech world forward. And very soon a new miracle will appear before people’s eyes. The tireless Elon Musk said that in ten years it will be possible to write messages using the “power of thought.” Relatively recently, he would have been called crazy or eccentric, but in the good old days they could have been impaled! But in the twenty-first century, the world has become more tolerant and inquisitive. However, it is difficult to surprise humanity, which is satiated with a large number of new products, informs.

So what can interest our generation and take technology to a new level? The answer is artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. The creation of artificial intelligence will lead to the emergence of new areas, as well as the expansion of existing functions, such as speech recognition and synthesis, prognosis, cluster analysis and many others. Development has been going on for a long time, but to create a fully operational model, a new technical solution will be required, known as a “quantum supercomputer,” whose computing power can provide full functionality.

The implementation of these ideas has its global pros and cons:
The first advantage is the production factor. Today, the presence of a person is necessary; he evaluates the quality of the work performed and eliminates technical faults.

In the future, artificial intelligence will manage the entire chain independently. It is assumed that he will do this much better than his creator.

The second is research. Studying space, the depths of the ocean or the earth's core will become safer and provide more opportunities. Where not a person will pass, the machine will handle it.

The third is medicine. Diagnostics, surgery, rehabilitation, implants.

The disadvantages include:
The main thing is the replacement of humans with machines, which will lead to mass unemployment of the population. What to do with millions, billions of unemployed people? The question is still open.

The second is disruptions in the global information and production networks. This could create problems on a planetary scale.

In 2003, disruptions in the energy supply system occurred in Canada. New York, Detroit, Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa were left without electricity. Traffic jams, hundreds of thousands of people locked in the subway, facts of looting, casualties, fluctuations in world oil exchanges.

This is such an unpleasant call. Various reasons were voiced. A lightning strike, failures at a nuclear power plant, but the fact remains a fact. Fifty million people were left without power for several hours, leading to panic and confusion. Some behaved like lost children, others worse than animals.

The world is very fragile, and the veneer of human civilization is very thin.

The third is the seizure of power on the planet by aliens, enslavement or complete destruction of people. Today, such a scenario is considered only in science fiction films and books. But this is not the first time for humanity to make a fairy tale come true. And not necessarily a fairy tale with a happy ending.

But let's be optimistic. We believe in human genius and new names in the world of high technology and humane ideas. Civilization has stood on the brink more than once, but every time people appear with advanced, non-standard thoughts that prevent them from falling into the abyss.

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Today, the most successful companies, from Bosch to Starbucks, use Artificial Intelligence (AI) to reduce costs, increase profits and improve productivity.

From a business perspective, artificial intelligence is a broad concept. This includes machine learning, computer vision, forecasting, and much more. Thanks to its ability to process data faster and more efficiently than the human brain, AI is in demand in various business areas.

The most obvious way to use AI is through virtual assistants. Siri and Ok Google are not the only examples. Chatbots, which are gaining popularity, are also a product of artificial intelligence, created to help company clients.

For example, in 2017, The Royal Bank of Scotland launched Luvo, which uses speech recognition to communicate with bank customers via digital devices and perform standard transactions such as money transfers. Virtual assistants are one of the AI ​​tools that are here to stay.

Constant control and monitoring of the company’s infrastructure is another opportunity to use AI technologies in business. French energy company Engie uses drones with machine learning-based image recognition software in factories. Drones monitor equipment - they explore the infrastructure to prevent possible damage.

AI control and monitoring systems are also well suited for urban environments. The simplest example: license plate recognition is used by municipal organizations.

Monitoring systems based on artificial intelligence will help reduce the risks of wear and damage to equipment and create a safety net for the company.

High technologies help automate various processes - from simply sending letters to booking airline tickets. But the goal of highly intelligent solutions is not to replace people, but to make human work more efficient.

Yes, Japanese Insurance Company Fukoku Mutual Life Insurance installed IBM's Watson Explorer AI. The system analyzes medical policy data to calculate the amount of payments. According to Fukoku calculations, the introduction of AI will increase productivity by 30%.

Another example: Expedia, the world's largest online travel planning platform - from hotel bookings to transportation rentals - effectively uses machine learning to make personalized recommendations to its users.

Artificial intelligence shows good results in making forecasts thanks to the ability to learn. Unlike traditional forecasting approaches, predictive analytics easily adapts to changing behavior—it gets better as new data comes in.

“80% of the world’s data is unstructured,” IBM loudly proclaims. It's hard to believe. But the fact remains that with the widespread use of mobile devices, we generate a lot of digital unstructured content every day: messages in instant messengers, letters, photos and videos. AI algorithms help structure data so that it can be analyzed later. A similar principle lies at the heart of Siri - unstructured spoken speech, passing through the program algorithm, becomes structured and undergoes further processing.

Unstructured data analysis holds enormous potential for manufacturing and resource companies that have been accumulating mixed information for years. Such analysis can make the work of R&D engineers themselves easier - saving time on sorting and organizing data before evaluating it and tracing important relationships.

“In five to 10 years, artificial intelligence, and deep learning in particular, will enable robots to perform the most tedious and time-consuming tasks we do every day,” says Matt Murphy, CEO of Chime. Her specialty is smart CRM systems for real estate agencies.

Real business is following this trend. Online retailer Ocado is building a computer vision system and a network of robots to replace the barcode scanning process in its warehouses. This will help speed up the search and delivery of the right products.

According to scientists, the robot market will grow rapidly in the next decade.

Artificial Intelligence in the Future

The prospect of artificial intelligence is both intriguing and daunting: according to an Accenture study, artificial intelligence (AI) could double the annual rate of economic growth by 2035 by changing the nature of work done and creating new model interaction between man and machine.

The expected impact of AI technologies on business will be to increase labor productivity by 40% due to fundamental changes in the way work is done and the strengthening of the role of people in creating conditions for business growth.

There is an assumption that there will be robot managers and even robot CEOs - there is every reason for this, since robots are more objective and less sensitive compared to people.

AI will lead to significant job losses in the near future. Today, 4,000 of the 9,000 jobs to be cut in accordance with the 5-year plan announced at the end of 2015 have already been cut. According to the bank's CEO, new technologies will allow Deutsche to cut a thousand times more jobs, and he also believes that in general all companies will be able to replace employees with robots.

Computer processing and settlement of claims. It is believed that a machine can process a request within a few seconds, while it takes almost an hour for a human to complete the same task.

Even though machines will increasingly replace humans in performing monotonous tasks, there are hardly any replacements for creativity and social behavior. New jobs will appear, the names of which are still unknown today. As machines replace people in performing routine tasks, the structure of companies will change - in the future, the demand for qualified specialists will increase, and with it the salary expectations of the specialists themselves. So it is clear: the higher the qualifications, the more likely people are to keep their jobs. And when new ones appear, these will be, first of all, leadership positions. According to a study conducted by consulting firm Capgemini, two out of three positions will require management skills.

Where a machine will replace a person

1. Passenger and cargo transportation

The development of AI will inevitably affect taxi drivers, and indeed all carriers. In the United States, it is predicted that in 15 years all transport will become automated. Self-propelled vehicles will replace taxi drivers and public transport, excavator operators, truck drivers, drivers.

Tesla and Google have been testing self-driving cars in the US for a year now. In Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), as well as in Singapore, unmanned vehicles have already begun to be used as taxis. And the Russian Federation and Finland are even negotiating to create infrastructure for unmanned communication between the countries.

By 2025, American automakers plan to mass produce self-driving cars for a wide range of customers. They will not have a steering wheel or pedals.

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) will help avoid accidents: cars will read information from each other, know about oncoming traffic and change the trajectory and speed depending on this data. There won’t even be a need for a traffic light - the cars themselves will see that another car is crossing their road and avoid collisions.

The only thing that is currently hindering the widespread adoption of self-driving cars is the poor condition of the roads. But this obstacle is temporary. It is possible that soon there will be no need for roads for cars - they will fly through the air. Terrafugia has been working on such a flying car since 2013, and it is currently undergoing testing. The flight in it will also be controlled by a computer system - the user only needs to specify the destination.

Accordingly, after the drivers, conductors will disappear. In some cities, trains already run on their own, and fares are automatically read from bank cards using phones.

2. Production

Robots are replacing manual labor in manufacturing. Thus, Adidas is building a fully automated plant in Germany, where everything - from clothing design to sewing - is done by robots. The process of producing a pair of sneakers from start to finish takes about five hours. By comparison, in Adidas' current supply chain in Asia, a similar process could take several weeks. Robots will also be able to quickly create shoes to order for a specific client - a significant competitive advantage.

3. Security services

The security services sector is also being computerized. Concierges, security guards, and watchmen will be replaced by person identification systems, which, due to the increasing frequency of terrorist threats, are already being introduced everywhere in places with large crowds of people. This is convenient and effective: the computer recognizes a person’s face and immediately determines whether he has a criminal record, is potentially dangerous or not, and whether he has been seen in contact with criminals. By the way, in this regard, AI will significantly complicate the work of burglars: the computer will instantly determine whether a neighbor or a stranger has entered the entrance.

Now in Britain, the facial recognition system in the subway also connects to a person’s social media accounts and determines whether he is a member of terrorist groups - if several suspicious people enter the subway at the same time, the system immediately sends a signal to the police.

4. Trade

In Seattle, Amazon opened the world's first store without cash registers, sales assistants and queues. Scanning devices automatically scan the goods at the exit and withdraw money from the account.

It is based on Just Walk Out technology. It automatically detects when products are removed from the shelves and returned to their place, and creates a virtual basket. Based on this, immediately after the buyer leaves the store, he receives an invoice.

All popular professions - such as cashiers, salespeople, resellers, merchandisers, warehouse workers, even waiters - can be automated, which means they will be automated. Go to McDonald's near the Louvre in Paris - very few people work there. Because social standards are too high, and it is expensive to hire a person to work even at McDonald’s, because he must be paid at least 1,600 euros. That's why everything is robotized.

5. Consulting business

Today in the virtual world they are successfully replaced by chatbots. They provide online purchasing advice and help customers resolve product problems. Experts do not rule out that special robots will soon appear in stores that will present company products, greet visitors, tell them about the characteristics of the product, showing its images on the screen. Based on facial expressions and body language, robots will recognize human emotions and respond accordingly to them.

6. Accounting

With the introduction of electronic document management, the need for a huge layer of people who did paperwork, transferred documents from place to place and entered data into databases disappears. In fact, any person himself will be able to submit declarations, draw up basic documents for opening his own enterprise, for example. Just a few years ago, companies hired an accountant specifically for this purpose.

7. Financial services

Here we are talking not only about the banal rearrangement of papers. The software effectively replaces brokers and traders.

Thus, since 2000, the number of financial employees on Wall Street has decreased by about one-third. The computer instead conducts hundreds of thousands of transactions, making decisions on purchase and sale within a split second based on data that is automatically collected from the market and exchange services. During this time, a person will only have time to take a sip of coffee.

Already, on the American stock exchange, 40% of decisions on buying or selling shares are taken by AI. Traders have many special programs that determine trends, analyze quotes on several exchanges at once and build a mathematical model of how they will move forward. A person is not capable of this.

8. Translation services

In fact, each of us unwittingly contributes to the extinction of this profession: every time you enter text into an online translator, you are teaching it. If you indicate that a word in a sentence is translated incorrectly, the computer remembers this. With each such correction, it learns, and machine translation becomes more and more advanced. Google began using neural networks for translation at the end of 2016 - the number of errors in text translations decreased by 60%.

Now the search giants Yandex and Google are testing neural systems with in-depth morphological analysis, which take a radically new approach to text translation.

Here's an example: a translator was trained to translate from Japanese to English and from Korean to English. Suddenly it turned out that the AI ​​was able to translate directly from Japanese to Korean, although it was not taught to do so. The neural network itself created its own translation algorithm, in which an intermediary language (English) was not needed.

Experts assure: over time, the vocabulary of a smartphone will become equal to that of a human. AI will even be able to create its own language. Humanity will forget what language barriers are: there will no longer be a need to spend years learning a foreign language - your smartphone will easily and competently provide simultaneous translation into any language on the planet.

9. Call centers

Many companies have already replaced call center operators with automated programs that respond to customer complaints and offer them appropriate solutions. If the robot cannot cope with the problem itself, it automatically switches the subscriber to a live employee.

10. Programming and web design

In the near future, professions that are now considered intellectual will be recognized as workers: programming, web design, 3D design. Today, a machine can easily do all this for a person.

For example, in order to model and make a denture, now a dental specialist must study for many years and obtain the appropriate qualifications, and the manufacture of such a prosthesis itself is very expensive. But today, 3D printers can print dentures quickly and cheaply. And soon such specialists will not be needed.

As for website development, according to experts, neural networks will soon learn to independently develop both the layout and design of websites, applications and programs. A person will simply set the parameters he needs.

Even now programmers write code differently than programmers did twenty years ago, when they had to remember all the commands by heart. Now the program itself offers the programmer codes, and he selects the ones he needs. This will continue to be automated. It can get to the point where a person will say: “Siri, write me such and such a program.” And Siri will write.

11. Guide services

Even today, AI can easily determine where we are, provide historical information, and show photographs and virtual overviews of the area.

A neural network can provide much more information and adapt to the interests of listeners. Targeted content is now coming out on top - Facebook works according to this algorithm, showing what is interesting, Google, etc. The system understands what a person is interested in and presents it exactly in the way in which it will be interesting to see. Live guides will remain, but they will become more exotic.

12. Army

Unmanned aircrafts, drones, security robots, monitoring systems already cope with many tasks much more better than man and even make decisions whether to open fire or not, identifying the enemy by uniform and weapon. In the near future, experts say, they will begin to replace live soldiers in ground missions. Soon a person will remotely control tanks and planes without participating in battles himself.

Here we cannot help but recall the autonomous tracked vehicle MAARS (Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System) - this is a robot. His arsenal includes a machine gun, as well as tear, fragmentation, high-explosive and smoke grenades. At the same time, MAARS is capable of not only killing, but also saving – defusing mines and pulling wounded people from the battlefield.

13. Construction

Construction is already partially automated. It is no longer necessary to build a house - it can be printed on a special construction 3D printer. A person chooses the house design he likes, presses one button and a giant 3D printer prints the necessary blocks from concrete or other material.

The WinSun company in China has been developing such houses since 2014. And a Shanghai 3D house printer can create ten buildings from construction and industrial waste. The cost of producing one such house is no more than $5 thousand.

14. Food production

3D printers may also soon take over the mass production of human food. By and large, you can load any materials into them, and why not do the same with edible products. Natural Machines has already presented a similar development. The Foodini 3D printer allows you to load up to five different ingredients into it - you can set the necessary program, and the dish will be quickly “printed”.

15. Travel agencies

Just five years ago there were travel agency offices on every corner, but now travel agents have virtually disappeared: they have been replaced by automatic platforms for booking and ordering tickets and vacation spots. Those who remain in the market now are aimed mainly at older people who do not trust electronic payment systems.

16. Cosmonautics

There is a place for robotics in space. Robots are already doing menial work at the station. And the Robonaut2 (R2) robot from NASA and General Motors is already navigating the expanses of the earth’s orbit. R2 is capable of operating both inside the ISS and in outer space. And he doesn’t need a bulky spacesuit for this. Subsequently, R2 is planned to land on the Moon - it is safe and inexpensive.

17. Courier services and mail

Delivery services are already gradually being taken over by drones and other similar devices. From the warehouse – directly to your home, conveniently and quickly.

18. Medicine

Medicine, along with defense, are leaders in investments in AI development.

Thus, at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, they implemented an automatic medical diagnostic system using the Watson supercomputer. He determines the diagnosis more accurately than doctors and selects the optimal treatment method for each individual case. The accuracy of Watson's diagnoses is due to the fact that he studied 600,000 medical studies (about 2 million pages of text).

Less complex diseases will soon be able to be diagnosed using a mobile phone. London-based startup Your.MD is developing an app for iOS and Android devices that can listen to a person's complaints via text or voice and determine their illness.

Robot surgeons are already performing operations and stitching tissue together at the micro level. Instead of suturing, doctors now use robotic staplers. There are also robotic anesthesiologists; since 2013, these systems have been approved in the United States. Their use instead of the services of a professional anesthesiologist in the American market can save from $450 to $1850 per patient.

19. Pharmaceuticals

Robots have already begun distributing medications to patients. In San Francisco medical Center UCSF has installed experimental machines in two hospitals that, after receiving an electronic prescription from a doctor, weigh out the required doses of medications, package them into pills and give them to the patient.

20. Nanny services

Robots can replace nannies and caregivers. The Japanese company NEC has developed a robot called PaPeRo that can entertain people and care for children and the disabled, helping them develop communication skills. The robot can conduct a dialogue in a natural and pleasant voice, tell jokes, tell fortunes, make riddles, remind you to take medications, and transmit voice messages from a person to other people, whom PaPeRo recognizes by their faces.

21. Education

Many have already switched to distance learning. Perhaps soon teachers will also be replaced by robots.

Now you can get a diploma from any university remotely. One teacher can teach not ten people, as many fit in the classroom, but thousands of people at the same time. Experts believe that a certain natural selection will begin in the industry and only highly qualified people who are truly valued in a professional environment and have exceptional knowledge will remain teaching.

22. Sports

Training is already conducted in many mobile applications by a robot - it’s cheaper, and online broadcasting can reach an unlimited number of users.

23. Journalism

The Los Angeles Times, Associated Press, Forbes and other well-known media outlets are already actively using robots - they create operational financial reports, results of sports matches and provide weather information. Robots will collect information much faster than journalists, find out who, what, when, where, how and why, even interview experts and draw up the final information material. Narrative Science predicts that in 15 years, 90% of news reports will be generated automatically.

Of course, we are not talking about columnism and the genre of artistic reporting, bordering on literature - here a computer cannot surpass a person in the subtlety of observations, the skill of conveying living emotions and the beauty of style. At least for now.

24. Religion

Some AIs are already being introduced into the church. You don’t have to look far for examples: last year in Lviv they created a service for ordering prayers via the Internet. In addition, for several years now, in order to put a note in the Western Wall, it is not at all necessary to go to Jerusalem - you just need to leave your message on the online representation of the shrine.

25. Banks

Since the beginning of 2017, Bank of America has opened three fully automated branches in the United States. Their area is 4 times smaller than usual, and there are no employees there. Customers use ATMs and have video consultations with employees from other branches. The bank's new offices mainly deal with mortgages, credit cards and car loans.

Another American bank, Goldman Sachs, is also experimenting in this direction. If previously there were 600 traders buying and selling shares at the head office, today there are only two of them left. All work is carried out by programs with the support of 200 computer engineers. The credit card balance aggregation platform is also entirely software driven.

26. Restaurant business

Cafe X mini-coffee shops have opened in San Francisco and Hong Kong, where robots prepare drinks and serve visitors. The order can be made in the establishment or outside using the mobile application. The robot can prepare 120 servings of coffee per hour. However, people clean and refill coffee machines and maintain computers and software at Cafe X.

27. Jurisprudence

Startup DoNotPay has replaced lawyers with bots: the project helps users appeal traffic violation notices.

Another legal startup, eBrevia, uses artificial intelligence to extract data from contract texts in order to analyze those contracts faster.

Last year, Sberbank launched a robot lawyer who independently writes statements of claim against debtors. Soon he will be able to replace 3 thousand employees. Sberbank intends to entrust the robot with the preparation of almost all claims against individuals.

“We have quite big plans; we produce such robots in a number of areas,” said Vadim Kulik, deputy chairman of the board of Sberbank. Last year, the head of the credit institution, German Gref, said that in 5 years, tens of thousands of currently employed people will lose their jobs in the company, since 80% of decisions will be automatically made by artificial intelligence.

28. Science

Well, such science is needed, but in this case, scientists “hatching” their treatises will quite possibly soon face unemployment. Modern technical base allows you to carry out experiments, systematize and process results, plan further experiments and make small discoveries without human participation. The “first sign” was the robot Adam, created in Cambridge. This machine replaced several laboratory technicians; it began working in 2009. There is already Eve, who is inventing new drugs for malaria at the University of Manchester. Naturally, she is also a robot.

29. Show business

This area of ​​human activity, which has a certain relationship to art, is also subject to automation. For example, the concerts given by the holographic image of the rapper Shakur Tupac, who was killed by unknown assailants back in 1996, are considered not such a miracle. True, in this case the repertoire still includes works by the late singer, but given general level modern pop culture, we can safely assume that machines could perform some songs just as well.

The film and television industry has not yet completely switched to artificial actors (who do not need to pay fees, the savings are obvious), but if things continue in the same direction, then the wait will not be long. For example, for starters, you can automate the work of screenwriters who rack their brains in search of new stories, while a computer will much more quickly create an intriguing beginning, a completely solid plot and an unexpected ending if it is programmed accordingly. Yes, he can also write music, maybe not masterpieces, but modern music that sounds on the radio is by no means high level.

30. Aviation

Previously, pilots were trained in flight schools and colleges. Now this profession rather deserves the name “operator”, it has become so routine. This, of course, has an important negative point. When an emergency situation arises, the pilot is not always ready to improvise, but you can’t argue with the trends of the new times. Improvements in control technologies mean that drones can now be controlled remotely, like model aircraft, many kilometers from the aircraft. However, this is already yesterday; modern drones are capable of completely independent flight.

This is especially important for the military, because in this case the lives of pilots are not in danger. But civil airliners can also be piloted by a robot; this, in fact, is nothing new; just remember our Buran, which flew into orbit without a single cosmonaut on board and returned safely.

Now this is commonplace, any aircraft can be landed without the participation of a crew, control automation has reached that level of perfection when a machine can act no worse than a person. Another question is whether passengers will like it. Maybe if they soon become robots too... And yet? No, cars will not replace people. No matter how perfect robots are, they always act according to a program, albeit a very complex one.

31. Cleaning

Today there are robots that can vacuum an apartment and go to the store.

Prospects

Experts insist: only professions associated with monotonous work will disappear. manual labor, in which there is no creative, intellectual, creative component, and most importantly, the need for purely human empathy.

“It is true that some professions will disappear, but only those that can be fully automated. Human resources will still be in demand, for example, in the “Love and Care” industry - those areas where a machine simply cannot replace the component of human warmth and participation. This is the work that volunteers do today - caring for the elderly and sick, supporting victims, helping people with disabilities“, says HR specialist Larisa Bruver.

Professions will shift towards intellectual and creative work - into areas where even self-learning algorithms will either not be able to show the same performance, or robotization will be artificially limited due to the risk of losing control over the process.

The more complex and creative a profession is, the less it is threatened by automation. Artists, presenters, designers, actors, showmen, artists - these professions will not disappear.

However, today robots have already learned to create works of art. Andrey Karpaty from Stanford University has created a program into which you can load certain texts, say Shakespeare's sonnets, and it will begin to generate texts in the same style. Using the same principle, neural networks can already draw paintings in the style of Van Gogh and Picasso, and generate music a la Bach. There is even a music album “Neural Defense”, the lyrics for which were written by a robot.

How valuable and high-quality such creativity is is another question. For those who are inclined towards primitive consumption, there will not be much difference between the work of Mozart and a robot. But can this be considered art?

It is reassuring that a robot can repeat, calculate, copy - but cannot create anything radically new. So far, computer creativity is just an imitation.

This is why the demand for human strangeness and genius will remain. Scientists, inventors, researchers, creators of art - people who do not create, but create - without them, the development of society, even with total automation of labor, is impossible. In addition, the widespread use of robots has a significant advantage: against their background, the uniqueness and exclusivity inherent only in humans will be increasingly valued.

Therefore, in order to succeed, you need to develop those abilities that are not available to robots: creativity, imagination, initiative, leadership qualities. Those countries that can balance commodity markets and cognitive-creative potential have a much greater chance of success.

According to the forecasts of scientists from Utrecht University, labor automation, although it will reduce the number of jobs, will allow companies to reduce production costs, and at the same time the prices of goods - which will increase the purchasing power of citizens and create new jobs in other industries.

In addition, robots will still require human supervision for a long time. There will be a need for the profession of roboethicist - a professional who will train robots and ensure that they do not harm humans.

At the end of last year, the UN published a report according to which in the coming years, due to the development of technology, more than 65% of the workforce in developed countries will lose their jobs. People will simply be replaced by robots and automated control systems. Bank of America analysts believe that due to automation and robotization, administrators, officials, bakers, butchers, fishermen and tax inspectors will be unnecessary in the next 10-15 years. Also, machines will largely replace HR managers.

The Future of Jobs study, recently published by the World Economic Forum (WEF), clarifies that jobs will disappear mainly in administrative work and the real sector, and will be added (but much less) in intellectual and high-tech sectors.

In this regard, the world is seriously talking about the need to introduce an unconditional basic income, which would provide for the population left without work. And Microsoft founder Bill Gates even proposed taking income taxes from robots doing human work. “If, for example, a person works in a factory and earns $50 thousand, deductions are made from his salary. If a robot does the same thing, it makes sense to charge it the same tax,” Gates said.

Companies' mistrust of artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a thing of the past, according to a global Microsoft study. Almost all of the executives surveyed today consider it important for solving the strategic problems of their organizations. In confirmation of this, 27% have already implemented AI in key business processes and services, and another 46% are preparing pilot projects based on it.

Microsoft presented the results of the global study “Intelligent Economies: AI’s Transformation of Industries and Society”[i], the purpose of which was to identify business attitudes towards AI technology.

According to the survey, despite existing biases, 94% of executives believe that these technologies are important to solving the strategic objectives of their organizations, with 37% characterizing them as “very important.” Top managers are confident that AI will improve many areas of their business in the coming years. In particular, it will help with innovation (89%), attracting and retaining talented employees (85%), and product development (84%). Moreover, 27% of surveyed organizations have already implemented these technologies in key business processes and services, and another 46% are preparing pilot projects using them. Also, 59% of executives are confident that thanks to AI, employee salaries will increase, and 56% associate it with an increase in employment levels in their country or industry.

Companies most often use AI for predictive analytics, real-time operations management, customer service and risk management. The most popular application varies by industry, with retail respondents more likely to cite customer service (31% compared to the industry average of 21%) and financial sector respondents more likely to cite fraud detection (25% to 16%).

Respondents are confident in the positive impact of AI not only on the development of their business, but also on the economy as a whole over the next 5 years. Thus, in their opinion, it will contribute to economic development (90%), increased productivity (86%) and innovation (84%), as well as job creation (69%) in their country and industry.

When assessing the success of implementations, the most common criterion for managers is the quality of the solution (36%). This is followed by return on investment (ROI, 32%) and customer satisfaction (31%). 14% of companies admit that they do not yet have established metrics to measure the success of a deployed solution.

The main limiting factors in the implementation of such technologies are financial risks (42%), difficulties in deployment if the organization does not have the necessary resources (36%), and difficulties associated with employee training (35%). However, companies are taking concrete steps to address these concerns: 76% said they are prepared for the risks associated with AI, and 71% said they have already developed policies and regulations for its implementation and control.

Microsoft's research once again proves that leaders play a critical role in every company's digital transformation and must take responsibility for promoting the use of new technologies and employee training. The implementation of such solutions should be carried out systematically and be the primary strategic task of the entire organization.

[i] The study involved more than 400 senior executives from 8 countries: France, Germany, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, the UK and the USA. Their companies' verticals included financial services, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing, retail and public sector.

The concept of artificial intelligence (AI or AI) combines not only technologies that make it possible to create intelligent machines (including computer programs). AI is also one of the areas of scientific thought.

Artificial Intelligence - Definition

Intelligence– this is the mental component of a person, which has the following abilities:

• opportunistic;
• learning ability through the accumulation of experience and knowledge;
• ability to apply knowledge and skills to manage the environment.

Intelligence combines all human abilities to understand reality. With its help, a person thinks, remembers new information, perceives environment and so on.

Artificial intelligence refers to one of the areas of information technology that deals with the study and development of systems (machines) endowed with the capabilities of human intelligence: the ability to learn, logical reasoning, and so on.

Currently, work on artificial intelligence is carried out by creating new programs and algorithms, problem solvers just like a person does.

Due to the fact that the definition of AI is evolving as this field develops, it is necessary to mention the AI ​​Effect. It refers to the effect created by artificial intelligence that has achieved some progress. For example, if an AI has learned to perform any actions, then critics immediately join in and argue that these successes do not indicate that the machine has thinking.

Today, the development of artificial intelligence is proceeding in two independent directions:

• neurocybernetics;
• logical approach.

The first direction involves the study of neural networks and evolutionary calculations from a biological point of view. The logical approach involves the development of systems that simulate high-level intellectual processes: thinking, speech, and so on.

The first work in the field of AI began in the middle of the last century. The pioneer of research in this direction was Alan Turing, although certain ideas began to be expressed by philosophers and mathematicians in the Middle Ages. In particular, at the beginning of the 20th century, a mechanical device capable of solving chess problems was introduced.

But this direction really took shape by the middle of the last century. The appearance of works on AI was preceded by research on human nature, ways of understanding the world around us, the possibilities of the thought process and other areas. By that time, the first computers and algorithms appeared. That is, the foundation was created on which a new direction of research was born.

In 1950, Alan Turing published a paper asking questions about the capabilities of future machines and whether they could surpass humans in terms of intelligence. It was this scientist who developed the procedure later named in his honor: the Turing test.

After the publication of the works of the English scientist, new research in the field of AI appeared. According to Turing, only a machine that cannot be distinguished from a human during communication can be recognized as thinking. Around the same time as the scientist's paper, a concept called the Baby Machine was born. It provided for the progressive development of AI and the creation of machines whose thought processes are first formed at the level of a child, and then gradually improved.

The term “artificial intelligence” originated later. In 1952, a group of scientists, including Turing, met at the American University of Dartmund to discuss issues related to AI. After that meeting, the active development of machines with artificial intelligence capabilities began.

A special role in the creation of new technologies in the field of AI was played by military departments, which actively financed this area of ​​research. Subsequently, work in the field of artificial intelligence began to attract large companies.

Modern life poses more complex challenges for researchers. Therefore, the development of AI is carried out in fundamentally different conditions, if we compare them with what happened during the birth of artificial intelligence. The processes of globalization, the actions of cybercriminals in the digital sphere, the development of the Internet and other problems - all this poses complex tasks for scientists, the solution of which lies in the field of AI.

Despite the successes achieved in this area in recent years (for example, the emergence of autonomous technology), the voices of skeptics who do not believe in the creation of truly artificial intelligence, and not a very capable program, still persist. A number of critics fear that the active development of AI will soon lead to a situation where machines completely replace people.

Research directions

Philosophers have not yet come to a consensus about what the nature of human intelligence is and what its status is. In this regard, in scientific works devoted to AI, there are many ideas that tell what problems artificial intelligence solves. There is also no common understanding of the question of what kind of machine can be considered intelligent.

Today, the development of artificial intelligence technologies goes in two directions:

1. Descending (semiotic). It involves the development of new systems and knowledge bases that simulate high-level mental processes type of speech, expression of emotions and thinking.
2. Ascending (biological). This approach involves conducting research in the field of neural networks, through which models of intelligent behavior are created from the point of view of biological processes. Neurocomputers are being created on the basis of this direction.

Determines the ability of artificial intelligence (machine) to think in the same way as a person. In a general sense, this approach involves creating AI whose behavior is no different from human actions in the same, normal situations. Essentially, the Turing test assumes that a machine will be intelligent only if, when communicating with it, it is impossible to understand who is speaking: the mechanism or a living person.

Science fiction books offer a different method for assessing the capabilities of AI. Artificial intelligence will become real if it feels and can create. However, this approach to definition does not stand up to practical application. Already now, for example, machines are being created that have the ability to respond to environmental changes (cold, heat, and so on). However, they cannot feel the way a person does.

Symbolic approach

Success in solving problems is largely determined by the ability to approach situations flexibly. Machines, unlike people, interpret received data in a uniform way. Therefore, only humans take part in solving problems. The machine performs operations based on written algorithms that eliminate the use of multiple abstraction models. It is possible to achieve flexibility from programs by increasing the resources involved in solving problems.

The above disadvantages are characteristic of the symbolic approach used in AI development. However, this direction of development of artificial intelligence makes it possible to create new rules during the calculation process. And the problems arising from the symbolic approach can be solved by logical methods.

Logical approach

This approach involves creating models that simulate the reasoning process. It is based on the principles of logic.

This approach does not involve the use of strict algorithms that lead to a specific result.

Agent-based approach

It uses intelligent agents. This approach assumes the following: intelligence is the computational part through which goals are achieved. The machine plays the role of an intelligent agent. It understands the environment using special sensors and interacts with it through mechanical parts.

The agent-based approach focuses on developing algorithms and methods that allow machines to remain functional in a variety of situations.

Hybrid approach

This approach involves combining neural and symbolic models, thereby achieving the solution of all problems associated with the processes of thinking and calculations. For example, neural networks can generate the direction in which a machine's operation moves. And static learning provides the basis through which problems are solved.

According to company experts' forecasts Gartner, by the beginning of the 2020s, almost all software products released will use artificial intelligence technologies. Experts also suggest that about 30% of investments in the digital sphere will come from AI.

According to Gartner analysts, artificial intelligence opens up new opportunities for cooperation between people and machines. At the same time, the process of replacing humans with AI cannot be stopped and will accelerate in the future.

In company PwC believe that by 2030, global gross domestic product will grow by about 14% due to the rapid adoption of new technologies. Moreover, approximately 50% of the increase will be provided by increased efficiency production processes. The second half of the indicator will be the additional profit received through the introduction of AI into products.

Initially, the effect from the use of artificial intelligence will be in the United States, since this country has created Better conditions for operating AI machines. In the future, they will be ahead of China, which will make maximum profit by introducing such technologies into products and their production.

Company experts Saleforce claim that AI will increase small business profitability by approximately $1.1 trillion. And this will happen by 2021. This indicator will be partially achieved through the implementation of solutions proposed by AI into systems responsible for communication with clients. At the same time, the efficiency of production processes will improve due to their automation.

The introduction of new technologies will also create an additional 800 thousand jobs. Experts note that this indicator offsets the loss of vacancies that occurred due to process automation. Based on a survey of companies, analysts predict that their spending on automation of production processes will increase to approximately $46 billion by the early 2020s.

Work in the field of AI is also underway in Russia. Over the course of 10 years, the state has financed more than 1.3 thousand projects in this area. Moreover, most of the investments went to the development of programs not related to commercial activities. This shows that the Russian business community is not yet interested in introducing artificial intelligence technologies.

In total, about 23 billion rubles were invested in Russia for these purposes. The size of government subsidies is inferior to the amount of AI funding demonstrated by other countries. In the United States, about $200 million is allocated for these purposes every year.

Basically, in Russia, funds are allocated from the state budget for the development of AI technologies, which are then used in the transport sector, the defense industry and in projects related to security. This circumstance indicates that in our country people often invest in areas that allow them to quickly achieve a certain effect from the invested funds.

The above study also showed that Russia now has a high potential for training specialists who can be involved in the development of AI technologies. Over the past 5 years, approximately 200 thousand people have completed training in areas related to AI.

AI technologies are developing in the following directions:

• solving problems that make it possible to bring AI capabilities closer to human ones and find ways to integrate them into everyday life;
• the development of a full-fledged mind, through which the problems facing humanity will be solved.

Currently, researchers are focused on developing technologies that solve practical problems. So far, scientists have not come close to creating a full-fledged artificial intelligence.

Many companies are developing technologies in the field of AI. Yandex has been using them in its search engine work for several years. Since 2016, the Russian IT company has been conducting research in the field of neural networks. The latter change the nature of search engines' work. In particular, neural networks compare the user-entered query with a certain vector number that most fully reflects the meaning of the task. In other words, the search is conducted not by word, but by the essence of the information requested by the person.

In 2016 "Yandex" launched the service "Zen", which analyzes user preferences.

The company Abbyy the system has recently appeared Compreno. With its help, it is possible to understand written text in natural language. Other systems based on artificial intelligence technologies have also entered the market relatively recently:

1. Findo. The system is capable of recognizing human speech and searches for information in various documents and files, using complex queries.
2. Gamalon. This company introduced a system with the ability to self-learn.
3. Watson. An IBM computer used in the process of searching for information a large number of algorithms.
4. ViaVoice. Human speech recognition system.

Large commercial companies are not shying away from advances in artificial intelligence. Banks are actively introducing such technologies into their activities. Using AI-based systems, they conduct operations on stock exchanges, manage property and perform other operations.

The defense industry, medicine and other areas are introducing object recognition technologies. And companies developing computer games use AI to create their next product.

Over the past few years, a group of American scientists has been working on a project NEIL, in which researchers ask a computer to recognize what is shown in a photograph. Experts suggest that in this way they will be able to create a system capable of self-learning without external intervention.

Company VisionLab presented its own platform LUNA, which can recognize faces in real time by selecting them from a huge cluster of images and videos. This technology is used today by large banks and network retailers. With LUNA, you can compare people's preferences and offer them relevant products and services.

A Russian company is working on similar technologies N-Tech Lab. At the same time, its specialists are trying to create a facial recognition system based on neural networks. According to the latest data, Russian technology copes better with assigned tasks than humans.

According to Stephen Hawking, the development of artificial intelligence technologies in the future will lead to the death of humanity. The scientist noted that people will gradually degrade due to the introduction of AI. And in conditions of natural evolution, when a person needs to constantly struggle to survive, this process will inevitably lead to his death.

Russia is positively considering the issue of introducing AI. Alexey Kudrin once stated that the use of such technologies will reduce the costs of ensuring the functioning of the state apparatus by approximately 0.3% of the GDP. Dmitry Medvedev predicts the disappearance of a number of professions due to the introduction of AI. However, the official emphasized that the use of such technologies will lead to the rapid development of other industries.

According to experts from the World Economic Forum, by the beginning of the 2020s, about 7 million people in the world will lose their jobs due to automation of production. The introduction of AI is highly likely to cause a transformation of the economy and the disappearance of a number of professions related to data processing.

Experts McKinsey They say that the process of production automation will be more active in Russia, China and India. In these countries, up to 50% of workers will soon lose their jobs due to the introduction of AI. Their place will be taken by computerized systems and robots.

According to McKinsey, artificial intelligence will replace professions that involve physical labor and information processing: retail trade, hotel staff, and so on.

By the middle of this century, according to experts from the American company, the number of jobs worldwide will be reduced by about 50%. The places of people will be taken by machines capable of performing similar operations with the same or higher efficiency. At the same time, experts do not exclude the option in which this forecast will be realized before the specified date.

Other analysts note the harm that robots can cause. For example, McKinsey experts point out that robots, unlike people, do not pay taxes. As a result, due to a decrease in budget revenues, the state will not be able to maintain infrastructure at the same level. Therefore, Bill Gates proposed introducing a new tax on robotic technology.

AI technologies improve the efficiency of companies by reducing the number of errors made. In addition, they allow you to increase the speed of operations to a level that cannot be achieved by humans.